消费领域过度维权与敲诈勒索罪的界限:实务考察与理论再塑  

The Boundary between Excessive Claim for Compensation in the Field of Consumption and Extortion: Practical Examination and Theoretical Reconstruction

作　　者：徐光华[1] XU Guanghua

机构地区：[1]江西财经大学法学院,江西南昌330013

出　　处：《政治与法律》2022年第10期64-81,共18页Political Science and Law

基　　金：国家社科基金项目“财产犯罪‘以刑制罪’的案例考察、立法梳理和理论解读”(项目编号:17BFX190)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：对于消费领域的过度维权行为是否超出了“社会相当性”而被认定为敲诈勒索罪,刑法理论与审判实务围绕着维权依据、索赔数额、维权手段展开了争论。刑法理论上,持违法一元论的论者更多地强调维权行为有民法上的依据,基于民法依存模式而主张限制敲诈勒索罪的认定。持违法相对论的论者,更强调秩序维持模式而主张扩张敲诈勒索罪的认定。审判实务并没有完全贯彻某一种理论,行为人是否具有维权依据是认定敲诈勒索罪的关键要素,索赔数额是否合理在认定犯罪中的地位也在逐步提升,维权手段的不法程度在认定敲诈勒索罪中处于次要作用。行为是否超出了“社会相当性”而被认定为敲诈勒索罪,应考虑公众法治观念、维权的规范意识、权利保护与救济的现状等,而非简单的公式化考量。法治的文明亦要求权利行使的规范化,因此应适度扩张过度维权的入罪范围。Regarding whether the excessive claim for compensation in the field of consumption is beyond the "social adequacy" and thus determined as the extortion, there arise disputes in criminal law theory and trial practice in terms of the basis for compensation claim, the amount of claimed compensation, and the methods of achieving compensation. In criminal law theory, those who hold the monism of illegality put more emphasis on that the act of claiming compensation has its basis in civil law, thus advocating the limited conviction of extortion based on the model of dependency upon civil law. Those who hold the pluralism of illegality put more emphasis on the mode of maintaining order,thus expanding the conviction of extortion. No such a certain theory is completely implemented in the trial practice, in which whether the perpetrator has the basis for claiming compensation or not is a key element in determining extortion, and whether the claimed amount is reasonable or not is gradually gaining its status in the crime determination, and the degree of illegality of means of achieving the compensation plays a secondary role in determining extortion. Regarding whether the behavior is beyond the "social adequacy" and thus determined as the extortion, the public’s concept of rule of law,the awareness of norms on claiming compensation, the current status of right protection and relief and so on should be taken into consideration, instead of a simple formulaic consideration.The civilization of the rule of law also requires the norm-complying of the exercise of rights, thus the scope of incrimination of excessive claim for compensation should be appropriately expanded.

关 键 词：过度维权 消费者 敲诈勒索罪 权利行使 相当性 

分 类 号：DF623[政治法律—刑法学]