考察与镜鉴:美国水污染犯罪的刑法规制  

Investigation and Reference:Criminal Regulation of Water Pollution Crimes in the US

作　　者：郭世杰 GUO Shijie(Law School,University of International Relations,Haidian 100091,Beijing,China)

机构地区：[1]国际关系学院法学院,北京100091

出　　处：《中南林业科技大学学报（社会科学版）》2022年第4期59-68,共10页Journal of Central South University of Forestry & Technology（Social Sciences）

基　　金：国家留学基金管理委员会国家建设高水平大学公派项目(留金发[2012]3013号);国家社科基金一般项目“恐怖主义犯罪的立法与司法研究”(18BFX090)。

摘　　要：美国水污染犯罪的刑法规制体系建设,曾长期步履维艰地摇摆于发展经济和保护水体两种立场之间,但最终基本实现了对水污染犯罪行为的有效治理。美国水污染犯罪的刑事立法演进大致可以区分为初创年代的附带保护、发展时期的专门治理和成熟阶段的体系规制三个发展阶段,司法实践过程则整体呈现出刑事指控的逐渐振作和司法审判的日趋严厉两个演进趋势,这是我们理解美国水污染犯罪刑法规制的前提与基础。最为严厉的刑事制裁手段在美国水污染犯罪的刑法规制实践中占据了显著而突出的位置,鲜明地体现出联邦及地方各级政府的双重立法机制,刑事、民事和行政性质的多样规制手段,刑事审判的详细量刑指南,以及被告形象的逐步瓦解坍塌等四个特色,是我国能够从中观察优劣、评判长短和以资借鉴之处。The construction of the criminal law regulation system for water pollution crimes in the United States has been struggling for a long time between the two positions of economic development and water protection,but in the end,it roughly realized the effective governance of water pollution crimes.The evolution of criminal legislation for water pollution crimes in the United States can be generally divided into three development stages:collateral protection in the start-up era,specialized governance in the development stage,and systematic regulation in the mature stage.Its judicial practice process shows two evolutionary trends:the gradual rejuvenation of criminal charges and the increasingly tough of judicial trials.Moreover,these are the premises and foundations for us to understand the criminal regulation of water pollution crimes in the United States.The most severe criminal sanctions have occupied a prominent position in the practice of criminal law regulation for water pollution crimes in the United States,and it clearly reflects four characteristics:the dual legislative mechanisms of federal and local governments,the diverse regulatory means of criminal,civil and administrative nature,the detailed sentencing guidelines for criminal trials and the gradual collapse of the defendant’s image.This is exactly how China,as a developing country in the field of legal system construction,can observe the pros and cons,and draw lessons from it.

关 键 词：水污染犯罪 刑法规制 立法演进 司法推动 特色 

分 类 号：F205[经济管理—国民经济] DF466[政治法律—环境与资源保护法学]