印制变迁视域下唐宋政务的使职化运作  

The Professionalization of Government Af fairs in the Tang and Song Dynasties from the Perspective of Seal Evolution

作　　者：赵耀文 ZHAO Yaowen

机构地区：[1]重庆大学人文社会科学高等研究院

出　　处：《社会科学》2022年第8期43-53,180,共12页Journal of Social Sciences

基　　金：重庆大学中央高校基本科研项目“人文社会科学基本问题重审与方法论新探”(项目编号:2022CDJSKZX01)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：印制变迁是中国古代行政体制转型与政务运作方式嬗递的表征。汉唐印制在经历了从官名印到官署印的转变之后,唐后期御史台与大理寺又先后奏置了“出使之印”,充当出使人员外出理事的官文书印,反映出御史台与大理寺政务的使职化运作。御史台八印的配置便是使职化运作程度加深的结果。后周以来的“奉使之印”突破了司局限制,成为所有使职差遣都可以使用的一类官文书印,解决的是朝廷政务使职化运作的现实需要。北宋还以“奉使之印”与“奉使朱记”区分使职的等级和差遣的要剧。从“出使之印”到“奉使之印”的嬗变,体现了唐宋时期政务使职化运作的进程,也标志着国家治理模式溢出常规结构向任务型组织模式的转变。The evolution of seals is a representation of the transformation of ancient Chinese administrative systems and government operation models. After the change from official name seals to government seals in the Han and Tang dynasties, the Censorate and the Dali Temple in the later Tang dynasty successively set the “Chushi seal”serving as the official seals for envoys to bring with when dealing with civic tasks, which testified to the mandateoriented operation of the Censorate and the Dali Temple. The disposition of the eight seals of the Censorate was the outcome of the deepening of mandate-oriented operation. Since the later Zhou dynasty, the “Fengshi seal” lifted the departmentaland bureau restrictions and become a type of seal that could be used by all the mandated officials,thus satisfying the realistic needs of the mandate-oriented operation of government administration. Furthermore,the Northern Song dynasty used the “Fengshi seal” and “Fengshi zhuji” to distinguish the rank of mandataries and the importance of mandates. The evolution from the “Chushi seal” to the “Fengshi seal” embodies the course of mandate-oriented operation of government administration and marks the transformation of the national governance model from a conventional organization to a task-oriented organization.

关 键 词：官印 使职化 出使之印 奉使之印 使职差遣 

分 类 号：K242[历史地理—历史学] K243[历史地理—中国史]