从“少数特殊”到“普遍公共”∶残障观的认识跃升与实践变革  

From “Minority Specialization” to “Universal Commonality”:The Cognitive Leap and Practical Revolution of Disability Value

作　　者：刘婧娇[1,2] 郭琦 Liu Jingjiao;Guo Qi

机构地区：[1]吉林大学哲学社会学院 [2]吉林大学残疾人事业发展研究中心

出　　处：《兰州学刊》2022年第9期124-134,共11页

基　　金：国家社会科学基金青年项目“信息社会进程中残障人士社会排斥与社会融合研究”(项目编号:17CSH079)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：残障模式不仅提供残障归因的解释,引导建立福利框架,而且形塑着社会公众的残障观,在残障人士平等参与社会生活方面发挥着重要的指引作用。采取符合国情的残障模式是推动一国残障群体实现融合发展的基本命题之一。国内关于残障模式的研究经历了从引入介绍到深入反思的过程,为我们理解残障和处理不同情形中的残障问题提供了思路依循。然而随着我国人口结构和疾病谱的双重变化,主流残障模式的局限性不断凸显,少数群体的归因解释已经与残障新样态不相适应,相关理念实践未对社会成员的传统残障观形成重大冲击。欧文·左拉提出的“普同模式”,从全生命周期视角聚焦普遍残障风险,强调障碍的动态性、连带性,通过对残障者“去神秘化”,促使残障问题属性从“少数群体的特殊问题”向“一般性的公共问题”转变,进而改善残障认同的社会环境。普同模式与中国的老龄化进程紧密契合,可以将其作为原有模式的补充纳入残障制度建设之中,为建设友好包容型社会提供启发。Disability model not only provides the explanation of disability attribution and guides the establishment of welfare framework,but also shapes the people’s value of disability which plays an important role in guiding the equal participation of disabled people in social life.Adopting the disability model in accordance with national conditions is one of the basic propositions to promote the integrated development of the disabled.The domestic research on disability models has gone through a process from introduction to in-depth reflection,which provides reference for us to understand disability and deals with the problems of disabilty in different situations.However,with the dual changes of China’s population structure and disease spectrum,the limitations of the mainstream disability models have become increasingly prominent,the attribution explanation of the minority group has not adapted to the new state of disability,and the relevant concepts and practices have not formed a significant impact on the traditional disability value among citizens.The univesal model proposed by Irving Kenneth Zola which focuses on the universal risk of disability from the perspective of full life cycle,emphasizing the dynamic and joint character of handicaps,promoting the transformation of attribute of disability problem from “special problem of the minority group” to “public problem” through the way of demystifying the disabled,so as to improve the social environment for disability identification.The universal model is closely linked with the process of China’s aging of the population.As a supplement to the existing model,it can be incorporated into the disability system construction in order to provide inspiration for the construction of a friendly and inclusive society.

关 键 词：少数群体 残障模式 普同模式 残障公共风险 全生命周期 

分 类 号：C913.69[经济管理]