从抽象演绎到经验归纳:霍布斯、孟德斯鸠与现代政治学的转向  

From Abstract Deduction to Empirical Induction: Hobbes, Montesquieu and the Transition of Modern Politics

作　　者：罗轶轩 LUO Yi-xuan(Lanzhou University)

机构地区：[1]兰州大学政治与国际关系学院

出　　处：《华中科技大学学报（社会科学版）》2022年第5期100-107,共8页Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology(Social Science Edition)

基　　金：兰州大学中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助项目“法国近代政治思想中的自由观念”(2020jbkyzy017)。

摘　　要：通过以现代的演绎性科学批判明智的政治学传统,霍布斯实现了现代政治学的“科学”转向,把政治学从政治的实践智慧转变成政治的科学推理。历史与经验因缺乏绝对的必然性而被霍布斯排除在政治学研究范围之外,这恰恰造成了抽象演绎的政治科学的根本缺陷,而孟德斯鸠敏锐察觉到这一缺陷。通过对霍布斯自然状态学说的批判与对抽象社会契约论的摒弃,他揭示了历史与经验背后的社会法则之于政治行动的重要性,任何忽视它们的政治变革必定难以成功。因此,他以不同于抽象演绎的比较归纳方法考察“法的精神”,进而发现了支配政治现象的社会法则,其核心是政体性质与政体原则的统一性,在这个意义上,孟德斯鸠推动了现代政治学的“社会学”转向。By criticizing the politics of prudence with modern deductive science, Hobbes realized the “scientific” transition of modern politics, and transformed politics from practical wisdom to scientific reasoning. For lack of absolute necessity, history and experience were excluded from the study of political science by Hobbes. This precisely resulted in the fundamental defect of political science which emphasized abstract deduction, and Montesquieu was keenly aware of this defect. By criticizing Hobbes’ s theory of natural state and rejecting abstract social contract theory, he revealed that the social laws behind history and experience were very important to political action, and that any political reform which ignored them would be bound to fail. Therefore, he investigated “the spirit of the laws” by a comparative and inductive method different from abstract deduction. As a result, he discovered the social laws governing political phenomena, the core of which was the unity between the nature and principle of government. In this sense, Montesquieu promoted the “sociological” transition of modern politics.

关 键 词：孟德斯鸠 霍布斯 现代政治学 政体原则 

分 类 号：D90[政治法律—法学理论]