再论汉语词类问题——从沈家煊先生的“名动包含”观说起  

Again on the Issue of Chinese Word Classes-From Mr.Shen Jiaxuan’s Viewpoint of“Mutual Inclusion of Chinese Verb and Noun”

作　　者：陆俭明[1] LU Jian-ming(Chinese Linguistics Research Center/Department of Chinese,Peking University,Beijing 100091,China)

机构地区：[1]北京大学中国语言学研究中心/中文系,北京100091

出　　处：《东北师大学报（哲学社会科学版）》2022年第4期1-15,共15页Journal of Northeast Normal University(Philosophy and Social Science Edition)

基　　金：国家科技创新2030“新一代人工智能”重大项目(2020AAA0106701);国家自然科学基金项目(62076008)。

摘　　要：词类问题是汉语语法研究中令人纠结而又不可回避的问题。本文旨在评述沈家煊先生的“名动包含”汉语词类观。文章先扼要介绍了沈先生的“名动包含”说。为便于读者对汉语词类有个全面的了解和认识,本文在评述沈先生观点之前,先梳理了现代汉语语法研究中有关汉语词类的几种主要观点。文章在全面剖析沈先生的“名动包含”说之后指出,“名动包含”说未能让我们看到汉语语法的真正特点,未能帮助人们深刻认识词类的本质,未能帮助人们确定划分汉语实词的具体标准,也未能解决汉语语法研究中的种种难题。为解决好汉语语法研究中的种种疑难问题,不能光考察研究词类问题,还需要深入进行以下两方面的考察研究:一是对汉语词语(或者说句法成分)在句子中的省略情况的考察研究,因为省略对汉语语法影响很大;二是对汉语信息结构及其对汉语句法制约情况的考察研究,因为汉语语法更多受汉语信息结构的制约。The issue of word classes is a tangled and unavoidable issue in the study of Chinese grammar.This paper aims to com⁃ment on Mr.Shen Jiaxuan’s viewpoint of“Mutual Inclusion of Chinese Verbs and Nouns”in word classes.This paper first briefly introduces Mr.Shen’s viewpoint of“Mutual Inclusion of Chinese Verbs and Nouns”.In order to facilitate readers to have a com⁃prehensive understanding of Chinese word classes,this paper first sorts out several main views on Chinese word classes in mod⁃ern Chinese grammar research before reviewing Mr.Shen’s view.After a comprehensive analysis of Mr.Shen’s viewpoint of“Mu⁃tual Inclusion of Chinese Verbs and Nouns”,this paper points out that the noun-verb inclusion theory of“Mutual Inclusion of Chinese Verbs and Nouns”fails to let us see the real characteristics of Chinese grammar,fails to help people deeply understand the nature of word classes,fails to help people determine the specific criteria for dividing Chinese content words,and fails to solve various problems in the study of Chinese grammar.In order to solve all kinds of hard problems in the Chinese grammar re⁃search,it is not only necessary to investigate the issue of word classes,but also to carry out in-depth research in the following two aspects:one is the study of the omission of Chinese words(or syntactic components)in sentences,because the omission has a great influence on Chinese grammar;the second is the study of Chinese information structure and its constraints on Chinese syn⁃tax,because Chinese grammar is more restricted by Chinese information structure.

关 键 词：词类 汉语词类问题 “名动包含”说 省略 语言信息结构 

分 类 号：H146[语言文字—汉语]