政体设计与道德重建——战后德国国家重建的韦伯方案  

Constitutional Design and Moral Reconstruction:Weber’s Plan for State Reconstruction of Germany in Post-war

作　　者：刘涛 LIU Tao

机构地区：[1]河南农业大学文法学院 [2]河南农业大学社会治理创新研究中心

出　　处：《社会学评论》2022年第5期54-71,共18页Sociological Review of China

基　　金：国家社科基金青年项目“社会流动对民众政治信任的影响及其中介效应研究”(19CSH040)。

摘　　要：德国战后的国家重建问题是韦伯晚期国家理论的重要组成部分。在威廉二世时代以来德国政治与文化问题构成的总体性困局背景下,韦伯的重建方案一方面关注政治层面的政体设计,同时也聚焦文化层面的道德重建:在政体设计问题上,韦伯力主德国选举制度的民主化,推行普遍平等的选举制度,同时在民主化的基础上相继主张议会民主制与民选总统制的政治设计;而在道德重建问题上,韦伯则希望借助具有美国俱乐部精神的自由德意志青年联盟来重塑德国人真诚、自主以及追求日常生活之美的整体道德品格。政体设计与道德重建构成了韦伯战后国家重建设想中的双重变奏,并且在深层次意义上最终统合到以人的品格塑造为中心来引领德国的战后重建进程。虽然韦伯的重建方案在德国没有产生实践效果,但他从人的塑造层面来思考国家建设问题的路径依然闪耀着思想光辉,揭示了人的塑造在国家建设议题中的基础性位置。The German state’s post-war reconstruction is an important part of the late Weber’s state theory. Against the background of the overall predicament constituted by political and cultural issues since the era of Wilhelm II, Weber’s thought pays attention to the constitutional design from the political dimension and the moral reconstruction from the cultural dimension. On the issue of political design, Weber advocates the democratization of the German electoral system and promotes a universally equal electoral system. Based on democratization, he successively advocates the political design of parliamentary democracy and a democratically plebiscitary plan. On the issue of moral reconstruction, Weber advocates that the“Freideutsche Jugend”, which has the spirit of the American club, would reshape the moral characters of the Germans with sincerity, independence and the pursuit of beauty in daily life. Constitutional design and moral reconstruction constitute a double variation in Weber’s post-war state reconstruction vision and are finally implemented to lead the post-war reconstruction process of Germany with the shaping of human character as the center in terms of the deep-level integration effect. Although Weber’s reconstruction plan did not produce substantial results in Germany, his thought about the state construction issue from the perspective of human shaping still shines with brilliance, suggesting the shaping of humans should be a base in the state construction process.

关 键 词：马克斯·韦伯 战后重建 政体设计 道德重建 

分 类 号：D751.6[政治法律—政治学]