古代世界各国向海洋发展的比较(下)  

A Comparison of the Development of Sea Power in the Ancient World( Part II )

作　　者：马克垚[1] MA Keyao

机构地区：[1]北京大学历史学系,北京100871

出　　处：《经济社会史评论》2022年第3期4-16,126,共14页Economic and Social History Review

摘　　要：古代国家受地理环境、经济需求、航海装备与技术的影响,有的较早地向海而生,有的成为海上帝国,有的缓慢地向海洋发展。希腊城邦依靠海洋而生,即使农业发达的斯巴达也在争霸中转变成海上强国。波斯帝国有实力建造战舰,但没有自己的海军人才,所以不足以占领希腊。罗马以海军击败迦太基,在侵略扩张中成为海上强国。古代中国历代王朝以农立国,地理环境造成西北始终有游牧民族侵袭,因此统一国家的主要精力用于抵御西北强敌,出海作战都在于征服邻近地域,不以经济掠夺为目的。宋朝有向海洋发展的趋势,宋以后更有向海洋发展的经济基础,但是,明、清实行禁海政策,停滞了我国向海洋发展的势头。Influenced by the geographical environment, economic demand, nautical equipment and technology, some ancient countries developed sea power earlier, some became maritime empires, and some developed sea power slowly. The geographical environment of Ancient Greek Poleis made them develop sea power and expand their living space. Even Sparta, which was developed in agriculture, had become a maritime power in the fight for hegemony. The Persian Empire had the strength to build warships, but it didn’t have its own naval talents, so it didn’t have enough strength to occupy Greece. Rome defeated Carthage with its own navy and became a maritime power in its aggression and expansion. Ancient Chinese dynasties took agriculture as the foundation, and its geographical environment always led to the invasion of nomads in the northwest. Therefore, the main energy of unifying the country was used to resist the strong enemies in the northwest. All the operations at sea were aimed at conquering adjacent regions, not for the purpose of economic plunder. In Song Dynasty, there was a trend to develop sea power, and after Song Dynasty, there was an economic foundation to do so. However, the implementation of the ban on maritime trade in Ming and Qing Dynasties stagnated the momentum of ancient China’s development of sea power.

关 键 词：地理环境 经济需求 海洋 舰船 战争 

分 类 号：F119[经济管理—国际贸易] K12[经济管理—世界经济]