气垫导轨测量重力加速度实验系统误差分析  

ANALYSIS OF THE SYSTEMATIC ERRORS ON MEASUREMENT OF GRAVITY ACCELERATION BY AIR TRACK

作　　者：赵佳乐 张嘉禾 于永江 ZHAO Jiale;ZHANG Jiahe;YU Yongjiang(School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering,Ludong University,Yantai,Shandong 264025)

机构地区：[1]鲁东大学物理与光电工程学院,山东烟台264025

出　　处：《物理与工程》2022年第3期105-109,共5页Physics and Engineering

基　　金：山东省高等教育本科教改项目(M2018X069);教育部产学合作协同育人项目(No201902282034);鲁东大学专创融合课程建设项目。

摘　　要：气垫导轨测量重力加速度实验中,由于滑块运动的瞬时速度用平均速度代替的理论近似,给加速度测量带来了无法消除的系统误差。本文用控制变量法,研究了挡光片宽度d、滑块静止释放时离第一个光电门的距离L、两光电门间距S和气垫导轨倾角θ等四个参量对该系统误差的影响。研究表明,d值的大小对该系统误差的影响最大,且d值越大影响越大;L对该系统误差的影响次之,且L值越大影响越小;S值的影响较小,也是S值越大影响越小;不考虑滑块运动阻力的理想情况下,θ对该系统误差没有影响;该近似导致了重力加速度的测量值比真值偏大;实验中d、L和S取值分别小于1cm、大于20cm和大于40cm,将是减小该系统误差较好的参数取值。In the experiment of measuring the acceleration of gravity on the air track, the theoretical approximation, that the instantaneous velocity of the slider movement is replaced by the average velocity, brings an inevitable systematic error to the acceleration measurement. In this paper, the control variable method is used to study the influence of four parameters on the system error such as the width of the light barrier d, the distance L between the first photoelectric gate and the position where the slider is released, the distance S between the two photoelectric gates, and the inclination angle θ of the air track guide. Study results show that the value of d has the greatest impact on the system error, and the larger the d, the greater the impact;L has the second the impact on the system error, and the larger the L, the smaller the impact;S has a smaller impact on the system error, and the larger the S, the smaller the impact;in the ideal case without considering the resistance of the slider movement, θ has no effect on the system error;this approximation causes the measured value of gravitational acceleration to be larger than the true value. In the experiment, it is a better choose of parameters to reduce the system error that values of d, L, and S are less than 1 cm, greater than 20 cm and more than 40 cm respectively.

关 键 词：气垫导轨 重力加速度 系统误差 误差分析 

分 类 号：O314[理学—一般力学与力学基础]