时间词“已经”“曾经”的特殊句法属性——兼与already、ever比较分析  

The idiosyncratic syntactic features of yijing(已经)and cengjing(曾经):Compared with already and ever

作　　者：周石平[1] Zhou Shiping

机构地区：[1]陕西师范大学外国语学院

出　　处：《外语教学》2022年第5期36-41,共6页Foreign Language Education

基　　金：中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金项目“基于中国本土语法传统的汉语实词分类研究”(项目编号:18SZYB38)的阶段性研究成果。

摘　　要：根据制图理论“每一种形态—句法特征都对应于一个句法节点”的基本思想,本文提出,汉语中不应设置专门的Neg P节点,否定词“没”和“已经”“曾经”都处在“有”上方的Asp节点上,构成对立互补的关系,该节点同时还起到了INFL,即定式标记的作用。由此,可以进一步推断出汉语中有两个句法层次上的“态”(aspect),“已经”和“曾经”已经语法化为专门的态标记,成了一种功能性成分,跟副词有了本质区别;跟英语中的already和ever相比,“已经”和“曾经”之所以能成为态标记,跟汉语用态而不是用时来标记定式这一类型学特征是分不开的。According to the basic idea of cartography that every morphosyntactic feature corresponds to a syntactic node,it’s proved that there is not Neg P in Chinese sentences for mei(没)(not) and yijing(已经)(already)/cengjing(曾经)(ever),antagonistic and complementary to each other,are both located in the Asp node above you(有)(have),which also functions as INFL,or the node of finiteness.It can be further inferred that there are two layers of aspects in Chinese sentences,with yijing(已经)& cengjing(曾经) grammaticalizing into aspect markers.A remarkable typological feature of Chinese-finiteness are realized by aspect rather than tense,may explain why yijing(已经)and cengjing(曾经) can e-volve into aspect markers,while their English counterparts already and ever cannot.

关 键 词：制图理论 定式 事件态 动作态 

分 类 号：H030[语言文字—语言学]