先诉抗辩权的程序设计:一个跨法域分析视角  

The Procedure Design of the Privilege of Order:Atrans-domain Analysis Perspective

作　　者：朱禹臣 ZHU Yuchen(Peking University Law School)

机构地区：[1]北京大学法学院

出　　处：《法学家》2022年第5期163-176,196,共15页The Jurist

基　　金：国家社科基金青年项目“民法典实施背景下多数人之债的共同诉讼类型研究”(21CFX026)的阶段性研究成果。

摘　　要：作为保证关系备位性的体现,一般保证人的先诉抗辩权具有调整履行顺序的功能。从诉讼进程入手,先诉抗辩权程序也存在起诉说、诉讼说、执行说和综合说四种选项。先诉抗辩权的程序设计应以体现备位性为目标,结合实体与程序要求,还需保障实体公正和效率。起诉说阻碍债权人在先针对一般保证人提起诉讼,但由于当事人在起诉阶段无法充分提出证据、开展辩论,法院难以准确识别合同性质,有损实体公正。诉讼说借助附条件判决,区分主客观消灭事由,由诉讼和执行程序分别处理。执行说可以暂时阻碍执行力,却考虑到执行法院无力审查先诉抗辩权的放弃行为,如以确认之诉或执行异议的方式扭转,会增加程序成本。综合说有权利滥用的嫌疑,也不符合权利失效理论。综合而言,诉讼说对现行制度的突破最小,同时兼顾实体公正,是合宜的选择。先诉抗辩权程序也可以成为其他法定补充之债的规则供给。As a reflection of the subsidiarity of the guarantee relationship,general guarantor is entitled to exercise its privilege of order of adjusting the order of performance.Starting from the process of litigation,there are four theories in the procedure of the right of defense in advance:the theory of prosecution,litigation,execution and synthesis.The procedural design of the privilege of order should aim at subsidiarity.Combining the requirements of substance and procedure,the design should also ensure the value of substantive justice and efficiency.The theory of prosecution prevents the creditor from bringing a lawsuit against the general guarantor in advance,but it is difficult for the court to accurately identify the character of the contract which influences substantive justice due to insufficient evidence and debate in the prosecution stage.The theory of litigation can distinguish between subjective and objective reasons for elimination by virtue of conditional judgement,both handled separately by litigation and enforcement procedures.The theory of execution hinders the execution,but it is difficult for the execution court to examine the effect of waivering the privilege of order;although remedied by declaratory judgment or execution objection,the cost of the procedure will increase.The theory of synthesis may abuse rights and fail to conform to the theory of the invalidation of rights.On the whole,the theory of litigation has the least inconformity to the current system,while defending substantive justice at the same time,which makes it a suitable choice.The procedure of the privilege of order can also provide rules for other legal supplementary liability.

关 键 词：一般保证 先诉抗辩权 备位性 补充责任 

分 类 号：D923[政治法律—民商法学] D925.1[政治法律—法学]