后稷“三弃三收”新论——来自神话学的阐释  

A New Study of Houji’s“Abandoning Three Times and Receiving Three Times”——An Interpretation from a Mythological Perspective

作　　者：刘勤[1] Liu Qin

机构地区：[1]四川师范大学文学院,成都610068

出　　处：《清华大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2022年第5期85-93,209,210,共11页Journal of Tsinghua University(Philosophy and Social Sciences)

基　　金：国家社会科学基金项目“三皇五帝神话体系的文化基因研究”(21XZW008)。

摘　　要：《诗经·大雅·生民》中常被学人提及的后稷被“弃”,实为后稷被“寘”。“寘”字保留了十分丰富的仪式和神话内涵。因此,所谓的“三弃三收”,实为“三寘三收”。“三寘三收”的情节源自远古地母崇拜的仪式和神话——血祭沃土。不过,在《诗经·大雅·生民》的文本中,就已经文明化了。进而,发展到春秋战国时期,人们已经不能理解“三寘三收”情节的仪式和神话内涵,亦为适应新的时代思想(如人治、德化、中央集权等),遂将被“寘”简单化为被“弃”,由此而产生了后稷“弃”之名。到西汉,通过司马迁的进一步整合和阐释,“三弃三收”的说法遂基本定型。随后,世人便遵循这一脉络纷纷用后世的道德观念、合理性去解释后稷被弃之由,离真相愈加遥远。In“Sheng Min,Daya”ofBook of Songs,scholars often alluded to“Houji was abandoned(弃qi)”.Actually,it should be“Houji was placed(寘zhi)”.The word“寘”retained a rich ritualistic and mythological connotation.In fact,the so-called saying like“abandoning(弃)three times and receivingthree times”really means“placing(寘)three times and receiving three times”.The saying of“placing(寘)three times and receiving three times”was originated from the ancient ceremony and myth of EarthMother worship——to sacrifice the earth with blood.And yet,in the text of“Sheng Min,Daya”ofBook of Songs,it had been civilized.Then,in the Spring-Autumn-Warring-States period,people could notunderstand the ritual and mythological connotation of the plot of“placing(寘)three times and receivingthree times”.At the same time,in order to adapt to the new era of thinking(such as the rule of man,moralization,centralization,etc.),the word“place(寘)”was simplified to the word“abandon(弃)”.Hence Houji’s name was“qi(弃)”(means abandoned).To the Western Han Dynasty,through Sima Qian’sfurther integration and interpretation,the saying“abandoning(弃)three times and receiving three times”was determined basically.Later,scholars followed this line and used later moral concepts and rationality toexplain why Houji was abandoned.Finally the truth got farther and farther away.

关 键 词：三弃三收 后稷 稷神 地母 血祭沃土 

分 类 号：I207.22[文学—中国文学] I207.7