秘鲁土著主义思想的发轫与演变——从硝石战争到“1900年一代”  

Origin and Evolution of Indigenismo in Peru: The Nitrate War and Generation of 1900

作　　者：王迪 WANG Di

机构地区：[1]上海大学文学院历史学系,200444

出　　处：《史林》2022年第3期206-217,222,共13页Historical Review

摘　　要：秘鲁独立后,“护国公”圣马丁和“解放者”玻利瓦尔均颁布了保护土著人的法令,但根深蒂固的寡头统治秩序依旧主宰着土著居民。硝石战争期间,安第斯山区的土著人参与了抵抗智利军队的战斗,其行动不仅没有获得官方部门的认可,反而成为战败的“替罪羊”。战后重建阶段,以冈萨雷斯·普拉达(González Prada)为首的开明知识分子率先反思秘鲁战败原因,批判执政者因长期忽视土著人而削弱国家整体实力,提出改变土著人边缘化地位、维护土著人权益的土著主义。秘鲁国立圣马科斯大学的知识精英受新实证主义熏陶,亦摒弃种族主义,呼吁通过强有力的国家干预同化和吸收土著居民。“1900年一代”接续这一思想,深入探究印加帝国时期的优秀文明成果,普及、传播印第安历史文化,力图重构民族认同。19世纪末20世纪初,土著主义已发展为一支重要的社会意识流脉,对秘鲁产生深远影响。In spite of being independent,Peru still witnessed the indigenous peoples’ forced submission to ineradicable oligarchic rule. After Nitrate War,in which indigenous peoples took part and were make a scapegoat for the failure,enlightened intellectuals such as González Prada rethought the war and launched the Indigenismo stopping marginalizing indigenous peoples and safeguarding their interests in the national reconstruction. The Generation of 1900,following this enlightened thinking,tried to recreate the national identity by studying and propagating Indian history and culture.

关 键 词：秘鲁 硝石战争 土著主义 “1900年一代” 

分 类 号：K778.4[历史地理—历史学]