人力资本进步、工资结构与区域赡养负担差异  

Human Capital Progress,Wage Structure and Regional Dependency Burden Differences

作　　者：张熠[1] 陶旭辉 ZHANG Yi;TAO Xuhui(School of Public Economics and Administration,Shanghai University of Finance and Economics)

机构地区：[1]上海财经大学公共经济与管理学院,200434

出　　处：《经济研究》2022年第5期124-140,共17页Economic Research Journal

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(72174114)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：我国部分地区存在社会保障赡养负担重、资本和年轻劳动力流出等现象,成为事关共同富裕和区域协调发展的重要问题。本文基于人力资本进步和工资结构压缩的理论框架为这些现象提供了统一的解释性假说。研究发现:市场化程度偏低的地区赡养负担较重,主要不是老龄化程度高导致的,而可能是在工资结构压缩机制作用下,年轻劳动力工资相对老年劳动力工资水平较低,这一方面引发年轻劳动力流出,另一方面导致企业对老年劳动力需求减少,未使用老年劳动力增加,两者共同推高赡养负担,并诱发资本流出,影响经济发展。上述现象是市场化程度不足的地区在高速人力资本进步环境下的一种“不适应症”,对于老年劳动力可替代性强的行业和地区尤其明显,并会随劳动力跨区域流动成本下降而加剧。通过完善市场化薪酬分配机制可以缓解上述“不适应症”。In recent years,there is a heavy dependency burden in some areas of China,especially in the north,and the social insurance fund is seriously out of balance.Meanwhile,these areas are also facing problems such as the loss of the young population,the outflow of industrial capital,and the decline of economic growth,and the widening gap between these areas and southern areas with a high level of market economy.This has become a critical issue affecting the realization of common prosperity and coordinated regional development at the national level.What are the factors resulting in these differences in regions with different degrees of marketization,such as the north and the south?Empirical data show that the aging of the population is far from enough to explain the relationship between the dependency burden and the degree of marketization.As far as the outflow of population and capital is concerned,the difference in the degree of marketization between the north and the south is often considered to be an important cause of the above-mentioned differences.However,in order to accurately implement policies and measures,it is necessary to clarify which differences and how they are caused by market-oriented factors.In this paper,a new perspective is provided for understanding these differences through a structural model.China has a relatively high level of human capital in the young workers,but much low level among the elderly approaching retirement,resulting in a huge intergenerational gap in human capital.However,if the wage is paid entirely according to the contribution of labor factors,the enthusiasm of older employees may be dampened,so enterprises must also pay higher wages to older employees with the progress of the human capital of young workers.As a result,the wages of the young generate an externality to the wages of the elderly,which leads to a more compressed wage structure in state-owned enterprises and areas with more state-owned enterprises as shown in the theoretical model.On the one hand,the underpayment of

关 键 词：社会保障 赡养负担 人力资本进步 劳动力流动 

分 类 号：F249.2[经济管理—劳动经济]