“波兰问题”与马克思恩格斯的民族国家观  

The“Polish Question”and Marx and Engels’ View of the Nation-State

作　　者：祁涛 QI Tao

机构地区：[1]复旦大学当代国外马克思主义研究中心,上海200433 [2]复旦大学哲学学院,上海200433

出　　处：《吉林大学社会科学学报》2022年第5期180-188,239,共10页Jilin University Journal Social Sciences Edition

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大项目(20&ZD006)。

摘　　要：马克思与恩格斯虽然没有专门讨论民族国家的文本,但两人诸多论述具体欧洲民族发展的文章中涉及了关于民族国家的重要论断,其中波兰问题就是最引人注目的一处例证。马克思、恩格斯一直高度重视波兰民族独立问题,并将其视作19世纪无产阶级运动的组成部分。相较于卢梭在18世纪为波兰民族独立所提出的方案,马克思与恩格斯跳出了通过民族性建立民族国家的近代政治哲学框架,而是将波兰的民族解放与19世纪的社会革命紧密联系,从中指认了现代革命的历史任务。在此意义上,波兰问题不仅是马克思与恩格斯理解近代民族国家的一例个案,更是浓缩了马克思主义对现代国家的基本立场与分析视角,并为20世纪轰轰烈烈的民族解放与社会主义运动留下了宝贵的遗产。Although Marx and Engels did not have a text specifically about the nation-state,their many writings on the development of specific European nations contain important assertions about the nation-state,of which the Polish question is one of the most striking examples. Marx and Engels always gave great importance to the question of Polish national independence as part of the proletarian movement of the 19th century. In contrast to Rousseau’s proposal for Polish national independence in the 18th century,Marx and Engels went beyond the modern political-philosophical framew ork of establishing a nation-state through nationhood,and instead linked the national liberation of Poland to the social revolution of the 19th century,from which they identified the historical task of social revolution. In this sense,the Polish question is not only a case study in Marx and Engels’ understanding of the modern nation-state,but also a distillation of the basic Marxist position and analytical perspective on the modern state,and a valuable legacy for the national liberation and socialist movements of the 20th century.

关 键 词：波兰问题 民族国家 现代革命 阶级 社会主义运动 

分 类 号：A81[哲学宗教—马克思主义哲学] D03[政治法律—政治学] D751.3