灌溉方式和施肥量对小麦产量及水肥药利用的影响  

Effects of Different Irrigation Methods and Fertilizer Amount on Wheat Yield and Utilization of Water,Fertilizer and Medicine

作　　者：田德龙[1] 侯晨丽 任杰[1] 郝蕾 李泽坤[1] TIAN De-long;HOU Chen-li;REN Jie;HAO Lei;LI Ze-kun(Institute of Pastoral Water Conservancy,Ministry of Water Resources,Hohhot 010020,China;Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering College,Inner Mongolia Agricultural University,Hohhot 010018,China)

机构地区：[1]水利部牧区水利科学研究所,呼和浩特010020 [2]内蒙古农业大学水利与土木建筑工程学院,呼和浩特010018

出　　处：《节水灌溉》2022年第10期100-104,111,共6页Water Saving Irrigation

基　　金：内蒙古自治区科技计划项目“基于土壤结构优化的水肥药调控与面源污染协控技术研究”(2019GG022-03)。

摘　　要：为提高小麦化肥利用效率以及减少土壤环境污染,以小麦为研究对象,设置2个灌溉方式(滴灌和畦灌),3个施肥处理,施肥量分别为高产施氮肥量的100%、80%、60%进行田间试验,分析不同灌溉方式下小麦氮素、农药分布以及对产量、水肥利用效率的影响。结果表明,土壤中NO_(3)^(-)-N含量随施氮量的增加而增加,滴灌条件下土壤NO_(3)^(-)-N含量整体小于畦灌。随生育期的推移,土壤中NO_(3)^(-)-N含量减少。滴灌方式下可减少农药向深层渗漏,较畦灌土壤0~100 cm苯磺隆残留量可降低48.32%,但不利于土壤中二甲四氯钠农药的分解。不同灌溉条件下,小麦产量株高、千粒重及产量随施肥量的增加而增加。相较于畦灌,滴灌促进了植株茎叶干物质输出率和干物质转化率,提高了小麦产量和水肥利用效率,较畦灌的产量、水分利用效率及氮肥偏生产力分别平均增加7.09%、41.56%、57.58%。因此,滴灌条件下最佳施肥量为1500 kg/hm^(2)。In order to improve the efficiency of fertilizer application in wheat and reduce soil environmental pollution,two irrigation methods(drip irrigation and border irrigation)and three fertilization treatments were set for the field experiment,and the fertilizer application rates were 100%,80% and 60% of the nitrogen application rate for high yield,respectively,to analyze the distribution of nitrogen and pesticide in wheat under different irrigation methods and their effects on yield and utilization efficiency of water and fertilizer.The results showed that the NO_(3)^(-)-N content in soil increased with the increase of N application rate,and the NO_(3)^(-)-N content in soil under drip irrigation was lower than that under border irrigation.With the passage of growth period,NO_(3)^(-)-N content in soil decreased.Drip irrigation could reduce the leakage of pesticides into the deep layer,and the residual amount of bensulfosulfonon in 0~100 cm soil was reduced by 48.32% compared with border irrigation,but it was not conducive to the decomposition of dimethyl tetrachlorosodium pesticides in the soil.Under different irrigation conditions,plant height,1000-grain weight and yield of wheat increased with the increase of fertilizer application rate.Compared with border irrigation,drip irrigation promoted stem and leaf dry matter output and dry matter conversion,and improved wheat yield and water and fertilizer use efficiency.Compared with border irrigation,drip irrigation increased wheat yield,water use efficiency and nitrogen partial productivity by 7.09%,41.56% and 57.58%,respectively.Therefore,the best fertilizer application rate under drip irrigation is 1500 kg/hm^(2).

关 键 词：灌溉方式 施氮量 农药 产量 水肥利用效率 

分 类 号：S27[农业科学—农业水土工程]