论刑法中的利用职务上的便利  

On Taking Advantage of One’s Position in Criminal Law

作　　者：张明楷[1] Zhang Mingkai

机构地区：[1]清华大学法学院

出　　处：《法治社会》2022年第5期1-18,共18页Law-Based Society

摘　　要：对不同法条中的同一用语作相同解释,不是体系解释的要求;不同犯罪中的“利用职务上的便利”的含义并不相同。职务侵占罪中的利用职务上的便利,是指行为人基于职务(业务)占有了本单位财物;贪污罪中的利用职务上的便利,是指国家工作人员基于职务占有了公共财物或者主管公共财物;挪用公款罪中的利用职务上的便利比贪污罪略为宽泛,包括国家工作人员基于职务而对公款形成了占有辅助的情形;受贿罪中的利用职务上的便利的外延最为宽泛。既不能按贪污罪中利用职务上的便利的含义认定职务侵占罪,也不能依受贿罪中利用职务上的便利的含义认定贪污罪与挪用公款罪。在认定贪污、挪用公款罪时,不能因为不(未)处罚不法层面的正犯,就扩大解释贪污罪、挪用公款罪中的利用职务上的便利;也不能认为正犯的刑事责任一概重于共同正犯,就将贪污罪、挪用公款罪中的共同正犯“提升”为正犯。The same interpretation of the same term in different laws is not a requirement of systematic interpretation.The meaning of"taking advantage of one’s position"in different crimes is not the same.Taking advantage of one’s position in the crime of duty encroachment means that the actor takes possession of the property of the unit on the basis of his position(business);in the crime of graft,it means that the state functionary possesses public property or is in charge of public property on the basis of his position;in the crime of misappropriation of public funds,it is slightly broader than the crime of graft,including the situation in which state functionaries have taken possession of public funds on the basis of their duties.The extension of taking advantage of one’s position in the crime of bribery is the broadest.We can not identify the crime of duty encroachment according to the meaning of taking advantage of one’s position in the crime of graft,nor the crime of graft and misappropriation of public funds according to the meaning of taking advantage of one’s position in the crime of bribery.When determining the crime of graft and misappropriation of public funds,we should not expand the explanation of the crime of graft and misappropriation of public funds by taking advantage of one’s position because we do not punish the principal offender at the illegal level.Nor can we think that the criminal liability of the principal offender is heavier than that of the joint principal offender,and the joint principal offender in the crime of graft and misappropriation of public funds should be"promoted"to the principal offender.

关 键 词：利用职务上的便利 职务侵占罪 贪污罪 挪用公款罪 受贿罪 

分 类 号：D924.3[政治法律—刑法学]