论汉语俗字确定的一个原则与三条标准  

One Principle and Three Standards for the Determination of Chinese Demotic Characters

作　　者：黑维强[1] 尹丹 Hei Weiqiang;Yin Dan(School of Chinese Language and Literature,Shaanxi Normal University,Shaanxi Xi'an 710119,China)

机构地区：[1]陕西师范大学文学院,陕西西安710119

出　　处：《中国文字研究》2022年第1期129-144,共16页The Study of Chinese Characters

基　　金：2019年国家社科基金重大项目“明代至民国西北地区契约文书整理、语言文字研究及数据库建设”(项目编号:19ZDA309);2017年国家社科基金项目“宋元以来民间手书文献俗字典编著与研究”(项目编号:17BYY019)成果之一。

摘　　要：汉语俗字与正字相对,俗字的确定依托于相对应的正字规范标准,从汉字发展史来看,这一问题的讨论从“书同文”之后进行比较合适,因为有了正字标准。秦汉之后的俗字由最初的错字发展而来,从个体的错字转变为一个俗字,必须经过社会大众的认同接受。错字与俗字的关系是个体书写和群体书写的关系,其本质区别由文字的社会属性决定,社会属性是确定俗字的基本原则和根本依据。俗字的社会性原则体现在三条标准上:书写者标准,时代性标准,地域性标准。此外,古代字书、韵书、注疏等文献材料作为辅助标准。对待历史文献中的错字,在没有其他材料可证明为俗字时,需本着尊重客观事实的历史态度,以探明其正确字形为主要任务。Chinese demotic characters are relative to standard characters,the determination of demotic characters relies on corresponding standard of orthography.From the perspective of the development history of Chinese characters,it is more appropriate to discuss this issue after"shu tong wen",because there is a standard of orthography at this time.The demotic character after Qin and Han dynasties developed from the initial wrongly written character.From an individual wrongly written character to a demotic character,it must be accepted by the public.The relationship between wrongly written character and demotic character is the relationship between individual writing and group writing.Its essential difference is determined by the social attribute of characters,which is the basic principle and fundamental basis for determining demotic characters.The social principle of demotic characters is embodied in three standards:the writer standard,the contemporary standard and the regional standard.In addition,ancient wordbooks,rhythmic dictionaries,notes and commentaries and other literature materials are used as auxiliary standards.When there is no other material to prove that the wrongly written character in historical documents is demotic character,it is necessary to find out its correct character as the main task with taking the history attitude of respecting objective facts.

关 键 词：汉语俗字 社会性原则 书写者标准 时代性标准 地域性标准 

分 类 号：H124.3[语言文字—汉语]