走向“弱竞争民主”:当代西方政党政治嬗变与代议制民主的危机  

Toward Democracy with Thin Competition: The Transformation of Western Party Politics and the Crisis of Contemporary Representative Democracy

作　　者：丁辉[1,2] Ding Hui

机构地区：[1]中山大学中国公共管理研究中心 [2]中山大学政治与公共事务管理学院,510275

出　　处：《国际政治研究》2022年第4期49-72,6,共25页The Journal of International Studies

基　　金：教育部人文社会科学研究青年基金项目“欧洲难民危机下的族群整合政策及其启示研究”(项目号:16YJC810005)的研究成果;2016年度教育部人文社会科学重点研究基地重大项目“中国特色的治理理论构建”(项目号:16JJD630012)的研究成果。

摘　　要：民主政治和国家治理之间的张力关系是代议制民主无法回避的根本问题。在探索解决这一难题的实践过程中,西方代议制民主诉诸政党之间围绕代表权、治理权和治理术的有限竞争,告别了绝对的人民主权和绝对的选举竞争,逐渐退化为由政党政治主导的弱竞争民主。通过更加复杂、更加非正式、更加具有选择性包容能力的政党精英网络机制,弱竞争民主维系了民主立国和精英治国之间的共存共生。然而,随着政党政治和国家治理的交互性塑造不断加深,选举问责、选民回应、精英吸纳等机制的失灵风险不断增高,弱竞争民主日益走向去政治化、去民主化和去正式化。在民粹主义、党内民主和全民公决的多重挑战面前,弱竞争民主来到瓦解和革新的岔路口。作为一个整体性的解释框架,弱竞争民主概念对批判性地理解西方代议制民主和政党政治的本质、运作逻辑和衰落趋势具有一定意义和启示。Representative democracy is never immune from the inherent tension between democracy and governance.To cope with this dilemma, western representative democracy builds upon the limited competition between political parties along the continuum from election to government and to governmentality. With absolute popular sovereignty and perfect electoral competition abandoned,contemporary representative democracy is gradually reduced to democracy with thin competition characterized by elitist party politics.Through the more complicated,informal,and selectively inclusive network of party elites,democracy with thin competition has successfully managed to keep the equilibrium of democratic legitimacy and elitist governance.Today,however,this mechanism of equilibrium is running into multiple dysfunctions.As party politics and governance become inseparably intertwined with each other,democracy with thin competition risks being threatened by deep de-politicization, de-democratization,and de-formalization.The more overloaded de-competitive democracy is with keeping electoral accountability,voter responsiveness,and elite recruitment in balance,the stronger the overlapped challenges are from populism,intraparty democracy,and referendum democracy.As a result,western representative democracy comes to the fork in the road,either toward collapse or transformation.

关 键 词：世界政治 代议制民主 政党治理 民主治理 精英治理 弱竞争民主 

分 类 号：D564[政治法律—政治学]