敦煌莫高窟第285窟西壁壁画中的星宿图像与石窟整体的构想  

On the Construction and Astral Deity Depictions of Mogao Cave 285

作　　者：桧山智美(著) 蔺君茹(译) Satomi HIYAYAMA;LIN Junru(Hakubi Center/Institute for Research in Humanities,Kyoto University,Sakyo,Kyoto 606-8265,Japan;Exhibition Center,Dunhuang Academy,Dunhuang,Gansu 736200)

机构地区：[1]京都大学白眉中心/人文科学研究所,京都左京606-8265 [2]敦煌研究院陈列中心,甘肃敦煌736200

出　　处：《敦煌研究》2022年第4期51-65,共15页Dunhuang Research

基　　金：日本学术振兴会特别研究员奖励经费"西域北道的佛教石窟寺院中可见的印度伊朗样式壁画的超域语境的研究"2016-2019(16J02828)。

摘　　要：西魏时期营建的敦煌莫高窟第285窟西壁,描绘有各种各样的印度系神格像,西壁上部带状区域描绘的日天和月天之间的星宿图像,有学者认为是北斗七星和南斗六星,但问题是具有同样图像特征的北斗七星和南斗六星像在东亚并不存在,与占据西壁大部分的印度系神格像的关系也不明确。第285窟壁画中,将伏羲、女娲纳入佛教伪经《须弥四域经》的世界观来表现顶部壁画,将印度系的各种神灵纳入佛教的《大集经》"日藏分"来表现西壁壁画,从这一点来看,两者共有基本框架。东阳王元荣通过在佛教框架下营造明显吸收异教信仰、将多宗教的要素混杂在一起的礼拜空间,试图将居住在当时敦煌的持有不同宗教观的人们融合在佛教的名义之下。This paper investigates the iconographical content of the decor in Mogao Cave 285based on a new interpretation of astral figures depicted in the upper register of the western(main)wall of the cave.The image of seven Brahmins depicted next to the moon god Chandra matches closely with a description of the saptarsi(the Seven Sages)in the Brhatsamhita by Varahamihira,while the six Bodhisattva-like male figures seated next to the sun god Surya can be identified as the Krttika,the first lunar mansion among the naksatras,described in the Suryagarbha-parivarta of the Mahasamnipata-sitra(T397).The painting on the western wall containing several Indian gods and astral deities can best be explained by the"Chapter of the Buddha's Miraculous Performance"from the Suryagarbha-parivarta.The decor of the western wall seems to share a fundamental design concept with the paintings on the ceiling,which depict cosmological images described in the apocryphal Buddhist text Sutra of the Four Regions of Sumeru(Xumi-siyu-jing).Despite having been painted in completely different styles,both paintings exhibit the common feature of incorporating deities of different religious origins into one visual system that is based on a Buddhist framework.This cave can thus be understood as an attempt to create a syncretistic ritual space,which reflects the multiethnic and multicultural milieu of Dunhuang intheWesternWei period.

关 键 词：莫高窟第285窟 西魏 东阳王元荣 星宿图像 昴宿 占术大集成 大方等大集经 [口厌]哒 

分 类 号：K879.21[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学]