从“完全的权力”到“完全的权利”——中世纪晚期“dominium”政治含义的变迁  

From “Fullness of Power” to “Fullness of Right”——The Transition of the Political Meaning of Dominium in the Late Middle Ages

作　　者：曹聪瑞 Cao Congrui

机构地区：[1]中国政法大学政治与公共管理学院

出　　处：《政治思想史》2022年第3期114-127,199,共15页Journal of the History of Political Thought

摘　　要：在中世纪晚期,“dominium”一词的政治含义经历了一个从“完全的权力”到“完全的权利”变迁的过程,具体表现为从支配性的“所有”转变为主体性的“权利”。教会法学家以财产所有权为教皇的至上统治权立论,意在确立教皇对整个基督教世界完全的支配权。方济各会的贫困教义质疑教会的财产所有权,理论上造成了教皇“完全的权力”的崩溃。奥卡姆不仅攻击教皇“完全的权力”诉求,而且通过论证个人“完全的权利”,为以个人权利为来源的世俗政治权力建构奠定了坚实的基础。dominium政治含义的变迁过程,实际上是“权力必须以权利基础”的权力构建原则得以形成的过程。In the late Middle Ages,the political meaning of the word dominium experienced a process of transition from “fullness of power” to “fullness of right”, which was embodied in the transition from dominant “ownership” to subjective “right”. Canonists argued for papal supremacy on the basis of ownership,aiming to establish the Pope’s complete dominion over the entire Christian world. The Franciscan doctrine of poverty questioned the ownership of the church,theoretically causing the collapse of the pope’s “fullness of power”. Ockham not only attacked the Pope’s demand for “fullness of power”,but also laid a solid foundation for the construction of secular political power based on individual rights by demonstrating the “fullness of right” of individuals. The changing process of the political meaning of dominium actually shows the process of the formation of the Western political power construction principle that “power must be based on rights”.

关 键 词：完全的权力 完全的权利 中世纪晚期 

分 类 号：D091[政治法律—政治学]