“优标”水稻体系对稻田土壤环境的影响  

Effects of‘Good Quality Standard’Rice System on Soil Environment of Paddy Field

作　　者：夏芊蔚 陈浩 姚宇阗 笪达 陈健[2] 石志琦[1,2] XIA QianWei;CHEN Hao;YAO YuTian;DA Da;CHEN Jian;SHI ZhiQi(College of Plant Protection,Nanjing Agricultural University,Nanjing 210095;Institute of Quality Safety and Nutrition of AgriculturalProducts,Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Nanjing 210014;Nanjing F-zone Biotechnology Co.,Ltd,Nanjing 210014;Jiangsu Coast Agricultural Development Co.,Ltd,Nanjing 210014;Nanjing New City Science Park Headquarters,Nanjing 210014)

机构地区：[1]南京农业大学植物保护学院,南京210095 [2]江苏省农业科学院农产品质量安全与营养研究所,南京210014 [3]南京绿仙子生物技术有限公司,南京210014 [4]江苏省沿海农业发展有限公司,南京210014 [5]南京市新城科技园总部研发园,南京210014

出　　处：《中国农业科学》2022年第17期3343-3354,共12页Scientia Agricultura Sinica

基　　金：国家自然科学基金(31771705);国家重点研发计划(2017YFD0201105);沿海优质稻麦油标准生产体系建设计划(NFHT201907021)。

摘　　要：【目的】针对水稻生产中的减肥、减药措施,前期自主开发了水稻优标体系。本研究通过分析应用优标体系的稻米产量和污染物含量以及土壤质量,评估优标体系在实际农业生产中的应用效果,以期为该优标体系的合理设计和及时调整提供科学依据。【方法】基于在江苏省、上海市水稻种植区连续实施1—5年的定点优标体系试验区,以常规施肥用药水稻栽培体系(简称常规体系)为对照。采集水稻籽粒和稻田土壤样品,测定稻米产量、委托SGS检测稻米农药残留和重金属含量;采用内梅罗指数法评价土壤肥力;分别采用TTC还原法、靛酚蓝比色法、3,5-二硝基水杨酸比色法测定土壤脱氢酶、脲酶、蔗糖酶活性;利用16S rDNA高通量测序分析土壤微生物多样性。【结果】采用优标体系较常规体系在氮肥施用量减少46.8%,代以添加有机肥、EM菌剂、叶面肥、锌肥;以生物制剂为核心,协同使用低毒、低残留化学农药,保证了稻米的高安全标准。在保证水稻产量、质量安全的前提下实施优标体系显著提高了土壤全氮与有机质含量;且连续实施1—4年的优标体系土壤肥力综合评分均高于常规体系,但连续实施5年后的优标体系土壤肥力综合评分值低于常规体系。连续实施2年优标体系脲酶、脱氢酶、蔗糖酶的活性均高于常规体系。实施优标体系的稻田土壤细菌群落多样性与丰度提高,优标体系实施1年和连续实施5年的土壤细菌丰富度上升比例重复变化的菌为拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)和绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi);优势菌属为Terrimonas(尚无确切名称)和黄杆菌属(Flavobacterium)。相关性分析结果显示,优标体系实施1年,土壤中拟杆菌门、绿弯菌门丰度变化分别与pH肥力指数、全磷肥力指数变化呈正相关;优标体系连续实施5年,土壤中拟杆菌门、绿弯菌门丰度变化均与pH肥力指数变化呈正相关。另外,拟�【Objective】In view of the fertilizer-pesticide reduction approaches in rice production,the rice good quality standard system(GQS)was developed independently in the early stage.The objective of this study is to analyze the rice yield,rice contaminant content and soil quality characteristics under GQS application,evaluate the effect of applying GQS in agricultural practices,and to provide scientific basis for the reasonable design and timely adjustment of GQS.【Method】The fixed-point rice growing areas with continuous application of GQS for 1-5 years in Jiangsu and Shanghai were selected.The adjacent areas with conventional rice cultivation system(CCS)were taken as control.The rice samples and soil samples were collected at harvest stage for analysis.The rice yield was measured.The contents of pesticide residues and toxic heavy metals were determined by SGS.Soil fertility was evaluated by using Nemerow index method.The activity of dehydrogenase,urease,and sucrase in soil was determined by using TTC reduction method,indophenol blue colorimetric method,and 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid colorimetric method,respectively.Soil microbial diversity was analyzed using 16S rDNA high-throughput sequencing.【Result】Compared with the CCS,the application of nitrogen fertilizer was reduced by 46.8%in GQS with organic fertilizer,EM bacteria agent,foliar fertilizer,and zinc fertilizer as alternatives.The high safety standard of rice in GQS was ensured by using biological agents and chemical pesticides with low toxicity and low residues.Applying GQS significantly increased soil total nitrogen and organic matter content without compromised rice yield and quality.The comprehensive score of soil fertility of the GQS was higher than that of the CCS after 1-4 years of continuous implementation,but the comprehensive score of soil fertility of the GQS was lower than that of the CCS at the fifth year.Applying GQS for two consecutive years resulted in the increase of urease,dehydrogenase and sucrase activity in rice paddy soil than CCS

关 键 词：优标体系 稻米产量与质量 土壤肥力 土壤酶活性 土壤微生物多样性 

分 类 号：S511[农业科学—作物学]