我国煤矿水射流卸压增透技术进展与战略思考  

Research progress and strategic thinking of coal mine water jet technology to enhance coal permeability in China

作　　者：卢义玉[1,2,3] 黄杉 葛兆龙[1,2,3] 周哲[1,2,3] 刘文川 管娅蕊 LU Yiyu;HUANG Shan;GE Zhaolong;ZHOU Zhe;LIU Wenchuan;GUAN Yarui(State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control,Chongqing University,Chongqing400044,China;National&Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Gas Drainage in Complex Coal Seam,Chongqing University,Chongqing400044,China;School of Resources and Safety Engineer-ing,Chongqing University,Chongqing400044,China)

机构地区：[1]重庆大学煤矿灾害动力学与控制国家重点实验室,重庆400044 [2]重庆大学复杂煤气层瓦斯抽采国家地方联合工程实验室,重庆400044 [3]重庆大学资源与安全学院,重庆400044

出　　处：《煤炭学报》2022年第9期3189-3211,共23页Journal of China Coal Society

基　　金：国家自然科学基金资助项目(U19B2009,52074045)。

摘　　要：煤炭是我国能源安全的“压舱石”,具有重要的兜底保障作用。随着我国煤炭开采逐步向深部进军,深部矿井所面临的构造复杂、瓦斯压力大、渗透率低等情况日趋严重,以煤与瓦斯突出为代表的灾害防治难度逐渐增大,严重制约着我国煤炭安全高效开采。大范围提高煤层透气性是消除突出危险性并提高煤层气抽采效率的关键。传统煤层增透技术如密集钻孔等单孔增透范围偏小、抽采效率较低;常规压裂技术受制于地应力作用常存在水力裂缝形态单一、易损伤顶底板等不足,且裂缝两侧增透“空白带”内遗留瓦斯在后续开采过程中易诱发灾害。近几十年来,以提高煤层透气性、瓦斯抽采效率,减少煤与瓦斯突出风险为导向,诸多水射流技术因其效果显著、清洁等特点,逐渐成为了煤储层卸压增透、强化瓦斯抽采的主要方法。梳理了我国水射流技术增透煤层强化瓦斯开发的研究历程及最新进展,系统性归纳了水力冲孔、水射流割缝卸压、割缝导向压裂、树状钻孔均衡增透强化瓦斯开发理论及技术研究现状。我国对能源安全战略布局不断深化,然而面对深部煤层瓦斯动力灾害的复杂性、特殊性和突变性,目前煤矿水射流卸压增透措施仍存在技术协同性不够等亟待攻克的难题。基于新形势下保障国家能源安全的极端重要性,针对性分析了水射流强化瓦斯开发技术在运用中所存在的不足与局限,提出了未来重点发展趋势及展望。The safe and efficient development of coal is the key factor of energy safety in China,which has the significant security effect.With the gradual increase of coal mining depth in China,the situation of complex geological structure,high gas pressure and low seam permeability in deep coal mines is becoming more serious.The difficulty of coal mine disaster prevention and control represented by coal and gas outburst is gradually increasing,which seriously restricts the safe and efficient coal mining in China.To improve the permeability of coal seam is the key to eliminate the coal and gas outburst risk and improve the efficiency of coalbed methane extraction.Traditional coal seam stimulation technology is confronted with problems such as limited enhancing range and low extraction efficiency.Moreover,subjected to the effect of in-situ stress,the conventional fracturing technology often has shortcomings such as single shape of hydraulic fracture and the risk of coal seam roof and floor damage.Moreover,the gas left in the “blank zone” on both sides of hydro-fracture is prone to induce disaster in the subsequent mining process.In recent decades,many hydraulic pressure relief technologies have been widely used for coal reservoir permeability improvement.In this paper,the research history and state-of-the-art progress of water jet technology in coal seam permeability enhancement in China are reviewed.The theory,technology,and research status of hydraulic punching,water jet slotting,hydraulic slot directional fracturing,and tree-type borehole technology are systematically summarized.Because of the complexity,particularity and suddenness of deep coal seam gas dynamic disaster,there are still some scientific problems to be solved.This article analyzes the shortcomings and limitations of water jet technology to enhance gas extraction in coal mine and puts forward the development trends and prospects in the future.

关 键 词：煤与瓦斯突出 水射流割缝 割缝复合压裂 树状钻孔均衡增透 

分 类 号：TD712[矿业工程—矿井通风与安全]