国家法人理论的重塑  

Reshaping the Theory Considering the State as a Legal Person

作　　者：王世杰 WANG Shijie(School of Law,Central University of Finance and Economics)

机构地区：[1]中央财经大学法学院

出　　处：《中国人民大学学报》2022年第5期121-134,共14页Journal of Renmin University of China

基　　金：中国博士后科学基金资助项目“法典化时代行政法的请求权构造研究”(2022M713657)阶段性成果。

摘　　要：为适应以人民主权原理为基础的宪法秩序,传统国家法人理论历经修正:不仅绝对的国家人格得以相对化,而且国家法人也被限定为法技术意义上的权利义务主体。这种重塑的国家法人理论既契合人民主权原理,也能够从法律上对国家整体进行把握。根据国家法人理论,国家机关通常不具有人格,国家作为权利义务的最终归属主体,应对国家机关的行为承担责任。虽然原则上应否认机关人格,但基于权利能力的相对性,在国家内部领域也可依实定法有限地承认机关权利。我国民法与行政法中通行的机关法人理论既误解了私人与国家、国家法人与国家机关之间的关系,也不利于保护私人权益。有鉴于此,应当摈弃机关法人理论,重新确立国家的法人地位。In order to adapt to the constitutional order based on the people’s sovereignty principle,the traditional theory that considers the state as a legal person has constantly been revised.The result is that not only the absolute state personality has been relativized,the state as a legal person is also limited to the legal subject in its legally technical sense.The revised theory that considers the state as a legal person not only conforms to the people’s sovereignty principle,it can also legally understand the state as a whole.According to this theory,government agencies usually do not have their personality,and the state,as the ultimate legal subject,should be responsible for the acts of government agencies.Although government agencies’personality should be denied in principle,the agencies’rights can be somewhat recognized at a certain level based on relative legal capacity.The theory that considers government agencies as a legal person in China’s civil and administrative law misunderstands the relationships between an individual and the state,and between the state and government agencies.This theory is not effective in protecting individual interests.It is necessary to abandon the theory that considers government agencies as a legal person and to reestablish the state as a legal person.

关 键 词：国家法人理论 机关法人 公权利 行政主体 权利能力 

分 类 号：D911[政治法律—宪法学与行政法学]