探究足球运动中的“林格曼效应”——以由攻转守后的个体防守表现为例  

The “Ringelmann Effect” in Football——A Case Study on the Individual Defensive Performance after Switching from Attack to Defense

作　　者：肖洁 王厦羿 秦毅[1] Xiao Jie;Wang Shayi;Qin Yi(School of Physical Education,Shenzhen University,Shenzhen 518060,China)

机构地区：[1]深圳大学体育学院,广东深圳518060 [2]深圳实验学校,广东深圳518000

出　　处：《体育科技文献通报》2022年第10期156-161,共6页Bulletin of Sport Science & Technology

摘　　要：个人表现随着团队中人数增加而降低的现象被称为“林格曼效应”。足球项目是在快速转换的比赛时间中完成进球得分。当进攻转变为防守后,球员难以快速回到防守位置进行阻截,进而在一定程度上加剧失球增多。因而稳固防守、减少失球的直接办法是增加防守人数,即在由攻转守的阶段中增加回追的防守队员。本研究根据林格曼效应,探讨由守转攻后,在增加防守(回追)人数的情况下,个体的防守表现是否会提高或降低,是基于文献资料法、专家访谈法构建实验指标和流程,以Z校足球队学生个体防守表现为研究对象进行的实证研究。研究结果:在增加(回追)防守队员的情况下,个体防守表现中的抢球、驱赶、夹击、保护的防守行为表现有所增加,且夹击、保护指标具有显著性差异;整体防守表现中的小组技术总分、战术总分和分值有所增加,且都具有显著性差异;该实验说明确实可以提高个体、整体的防守表现。相反,个体防守表现中的断球、施压的防守行为表现指标可能会有所下降,虽未呈现显著性差异,但也说明增加(回追)防守队员可能会影响个体部分的防守行为和表现。建议:(1)强调丢球队员与周围其他队员的立刻回追意识;(2)离进攻队员最近的防守队员执行延缓后撤的个人防守战术;(3)由攻转守的回追防守组织中强调团队意识,根据场上随时变化的情况,审时度势地做出正确合理的防守行为,强化个体和整体的防守表现。The phenomenon in which individual performance decreases as the number of people in a team increases is known as the “Ringelmann effect”. Football is about the goal and scoring in a quickly converted match moment. When the offense is transformed into a defense, it is difficult for the player to quickly return to the defensive position to block, which in turn exacerbates the increase in goals conceded to a certain extent. Therefore, the direct way to stabilize the defense and reduce the number of goals conceded is to increase the number of defenders, that is, to increase the number of defenders who are chasing back in the stage from attack to defense. Based on the Ringelmann effect, this study explores whether the individual’s defensive performance will increase or decrease when the number of defenders(chasers)is increased after the transition from defense to attack. Based on the literature review method and expert interview method, the experimental indicators and processes were constructed, and the empirical research of the experimental method was carried out based on the individual defensive performance of the students of the Z school football team. The results show that under the condition of increasing(chasing)defensive players, the defensive behavior of snatching, driving, pinching and protecting in the individual defensive performance has increased, and the pinching and protection indicators have significant differences;The overall defensive performance of the group’s total technical, tactical and point values increased, and all had significant differences;The explanation can indeed improve the individual, the overall defensive performance. Conversely, the indicators of defensive behavior in individual defensive performance may decrease, although there is no significant difference, but it also shows that increasing(chasing)defenders may affect the defensive behavior and performance of individual parts. Suggestions: First, we should emphasize the immediate sense of tracing of the lost players and othe

关 键 词：林格曼效应 足球 防守 个体表现 由攻转守 

分 类 号：G843[文化科学—体育训练]