张家口方言的示证情态与助动词化——兼谈显赫句法操作  

Evidential Modality and Auxiliation in Zhangjiakou Dialect

作　　者：宗守云[1] 唐正大[2] ZONG Shouyun;TANG Zhengda(School of Humanities,Shanghai Normal University)

机构地区：[1]上海师范大学人文学院 [2]中国社会科学院语言研究所

出　　处：《当代语言学》2022年第5期639-655,共17页Contemporary Linguistics

摘　　要：“说”和“见”是张家口方言的示证情态助动词,标志着存在较为典型和成熟的示证情态范畴。“S说/见VP”是最典型的示证情态表达句。“说”是传闻示证情态助动词,标志知识来源和获取途径主要是听闻其他说话人的话语,也可以是其他形式的媒介。当前说话人对所引话语表达的命题持有不确定的信疑态度,即不承诺该命题的真值。该命题可以表达事件语义,也可以表达状态语义,事件语义可以为现实性的,也可以是非现实性的,但必须有确定的、可否定的真值。“见”表明知识来源是当前说话人因为曾经亲见而获得,在无标记的语用条件下说话人确信并意图向听者传达命题为真的信息,而且该命题内容必须是现实且可直接感知的。张家口方言中“S说/见VP”编码示证情态,并不编码和融合认识情态,这一点异于普通话。示证情态的本体功能是当前说话人告知当前话语的知识来源和获取方式,并不必然、强制地标示当前说话人对所说话语命题真值的承诺。在有些情况下,示证情态对认识情态的提示效应归因于会话隐涵这样的语用要素。“说”和“见”都是通过“主语-主语提升”从而语法化为情态助动词和示证范畴标记,同时使得原来感知动词的补足语从句升格为示证情态的载体。张家口方言中可以形成较为成熟的示证情态,与该方言中发达显赫的助动词化句法操作是和谐的。文章在描写和讨论的基础上,试图对库藏类型学的显赫性概念进行认识上的扩展,即除了观察到张家口方言中成熟显赫的示证情态范畴之外,还注意到特定句法位置、句法操作的显赫性。具体讲,张家口方言中以[SUBJ[AUX[VP]]]作为目标结构的句法操作,表现出一定的显赫性和强大的同构吸引能力,例如除了本文描写的活跃多发的情态助动词提升之外,还可以包括发达和系统性的介词悬空等The construction of‘S(ubject)⁃shuo/jian⁃VP'in Zhangjiakou dialect,with shuo(说)and jian(见)as two modal auxiliaries,is commonly used for evidentiality.Shuo‘say'is the auxiliary of hearsay⁃type evidentiality indicating that the piece of knowledge encoded by SVP is sourced from what the current speaker has heard or perceived.By saying‘S⁃shuo⁃VP'the current speaker commits himself solely to the modal value of qualifying the evidential status of the proposition of SVP,instead of to the very truth value of it,the latter of which is unspecified.Therefore,different propositional attitudes towards SVP are possible when shuo is used.Semantically,SVP can refer to an event or a state,realis or irrealis on condition that the proposition can be ascribed to truth value,thus to exclude the possibility of being used as interrogative,imperative,or exclamative clauses.With jian‘see',the current speaker is committed to the modal/evidential value that qualifies the proposition SVP with the knowledge status of‘knowing by seeing'.Such value implies that SVP should be directly perceptible and that in most cases SVP factually occurs,although theoretically the implicature is cancelable.Syntactically,shuo and jian as evidential auxiliaries both trigger the subject⁃to⁃subject raising in the SVP structure,which otherwise may have been analyzed as a complement clause where they both function as verbs.The auxiliation of shuo and jian also implies that Zhangjiakou dialect has thereby grown a full⁃fledged category of evidentiality.Then within the theoretical framework of Linguistic Inventory Typology the article argues that Zhangjiakou Jin auxiliation includes and assimilates not only perception verbs and speech verbs,but also other types such as boulomaic and cognitive verbs,and even verb⁃sourced prepositions so as to converge and construct the paradigmatic pattern of[SUBJ[AUX[VP]]].

关 键 词：张家口方言 示证情态 助动词化 显赫句法操作 “说” 

分 类 号：H172.2[语言文字—汉语]