重塑“利维坦”——大国竞争与美国式发展型国家的建构  

Reinventing the Leviathan:Great Power Competition and the Building of the American Developmental State

作　　者：刘露馨 Liu Luxin(School of International Studies,Renmin University of China)

机构地区：[1]中国人民大学国际关系学院,北京100872

出　　处：《世界经济与政治》2022年第10期71-100,166,167,共32页World Economics and Politics

基　　金：“中国人民大学中央高校建设世界一流大学(学科)和特色发展引导专项资金区域国别学建设专项”(项目批准号:AS2022010)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：第二次世界大战之后,受三种不同类型的大国竞争的驱动,美国在经济领域进行了多轮旨在提升国家能力的国家制度建设,从而大踏步地从一个守夜型国家演变为一个有美国特色的发展型国家,即政府越来越多地承担起推动经济发展的使命。美苏安全竞争促使美国国内兴起了一个以国防部为核心的安全导向的联盟;美日经济竞争催生了一个以商务部为核心的发展导向的联盟。这两个政治联盟都试图增强对美国高科技产业的主导作用,但它们之间的权力冲撞曾使美国的发展型国家呈现隐性、分散式的特征。直到21世纪第二个十年,美国遭遇到来自中国的经济与安全双重竞争压力,安全联盟和发展联盟才形成合力,推动一个更加显性的、聚合式的发展型国家逐渐成型。与旨在实现经济追赶的东亚发展型国家相比,美国式的发展型国家以维护全球霸权为目标,除对国内市场进行干预之外,还具有强大的经济外交能力干预国际市场。研究表明,大国竞争压力促使美国不断调整国家和市场的关系以应对外部挑战,而学界对于美国“自由市场经济”和“弱国家”的传统定义只是一种“学术神话”,急需得到重新审视。After the Second World War,driven by three different types of great power competition,the United States has undertook several rounds of state-building in the economic sphere,thus taking great strides to evolve from a “night-watchman state” to a “developmental state”with American characteristics. The US-Soviet security competition led to the emergence of a security-oriented domestic coalition centered on the Department of Defense;the US-Japan economic competition gave rise to a developmentoriented domestic coalition centered on the Department of Commerce. Both domestic coalitions sought to increase dominance over the US high-tech industries,but the power clash between them had given the US developmental state a decentralized and hidden character. It was not until the second decade of the 21st century,when the US came under dual competitive pressure from China on both the economic and security fronts,that the security-oriented and the development-oriented coalitions came together to promote the rise of a more visible and convergent developmental state in the US. In contrast to the East Asian developmental states that aimed at economic catch-up,this American developmental state aims to assert global hegemony and possesses strong state capacity in economic diplomacy to intervene in the international market. The study also shows that the US has constantly adapted its state-market relations in respond to external competition pressures,and that the traditional definition of the US as a “free market economy” and a “weak state” is only an academic “myth” that needs to be reexamined.

关 键 词：大国竞争 美国国家建构 守夜型国家 发展型国家 政治联盟 

分 类 号：D815[政治法律—国际关系]