希罗多德论雅典与斯巴达:《伪“修昔底德陷阱”考》补正之一  

Herodotus on Athens and Sparta:Supplement One to the Textual Research to the Pseudo Thucydides’Trap

作　　者：陈村富[1] Chen Cunfu

机构地区：[1]浙江大学人文学院哲学系

出　　处：《世界历史评论》2022年第3期3-30,291,292,共30页The World History Review

基　　金：浙大城市学院新时代马克思主义宗教学研究院“文化间关系基本理论研究”项目成果之一。

摘　　要：托名伪造的“修昔底德陷阱”预设了两个前提:“波斯入侵希腊之前”,斯巴达“在该地区担任了主导强权已长达一个多世纪”;雅典不知感恩,忘记了“是谁给雅典的繁荣提供了安全的环境”。“史学之父”希罗多德的记述证伪了这两个预设。公元前560—前558年左右,吕底亚寻求结盟对付波斯时,就认定雅典与斯巴达是希腊两大强国。战前100多年历史的主轴是两种体制、两个强国的形成史。他们各自的主要精力是清除海上、陆上竞争的对手。直到希波战争期间,雅典与埃齐那,斯巴达与阿哥斯等的战争还周期式地进行。雅典与斯巴达之间甚至还有几次互相帮忙,对付各自对手的记录。面对波斯的威胁,希腊城邦间的矛盾在不断调节。首当其冲的是小亚西岸以伊奥尼亚族为主的各城邦,因此,首先卷入的是“伊奥尼亚人的骄傲”的雅典。正因如此,公元前490年大流士进犯希腊的首选目标是雅典。雅典独自迎敌,在马拉松首战告捷,又长跑式回师雅典卫城,挫败了波斯的偷袭。公元前480年薛西斯亲率波斯联军大举进犯。北希腊、中希腊纷纷投降。斯巴达和科林斯欲在科林斯海峡建构工事,保全伯罗奔尼撒半岛。雅典说服了斯巴达,召开了希腊联盟会议,决定于温泉关及相邻海域阻击入侵之敌。波斯攻下温泉关,直抵阿提卡,摧毁了雅典卫城。斯巴达统帅决定放弃雅典,移师科林斯海湾。雅典劝说斯巴达利用萨拉米海域的有利地形,聚歼波斯水师。海战胜利后双方约定赴中希腊的彼奥提亚围歼波斯陆军。此时的斯巴达再次违约,认为伯罗奔尼撒已无海上之忧,决定在科林斯海峡建造几重城壁,阻挡陆路来犯的敌军,让二度进入阿提卡的波斯军与雅典相互拼杀,达到双重目的。雅典晓以利害,斯巴达拖了十天,终于决定联手出征,在彼奥提亚地区的普拉蒂亚全歼波斯主力。希�The Pseudograph Thucydides’Trap presupposes two premises:the one is“before the Persian invasion of Greece”,Sparta“had been the dominant power in the region for more than a century”;the other is Athens was ungrateful,forgetting“who provided a safe environment for its prosperity”.Herodotus,the father of Western history,falsifies these two presuppositions in his account.Around 560—558 BC,When Lydia sought an alliance against Persia,she identified Athens and Sparta as the two great powers of Greece.The main axis of pre-war history,the period more than 100 years,is the formation of two systems and two great powers.They put respective their main energies to eliminate rivals at sea and on land.Until the Greco-Persian War,the wars among Athens,Aegina,Sparta and Argos were fought in a periodic manner.There were even records of Athens and Sparta helping each other a few times against others.In the face of the Persian threat,the contradictions between the Greek city-states were constantly adjusted.The Ionian city-states in the west coast of Asia minor,are the first to be affected,therefore,Athens“the pride of Ionians”is involved.For this reason,the first target of Darius’invasion of Greece in 490 BC was Athens.Athens met the enemy alone,won the first battle in Malathon,and then returned in a long distance to the acropolis,defeated the Persian sneak attack.Xerxes himself led the Persians into a major invasion in 480 BC.Northern and central Greek city-states surrendered one after another.Sparta and Corinth would construct fortifications on the Isthmus Strait to preserve the Peloponnese peninsula.Athens persuaded Sparta to hold a meeting of the Hellenic Alliance,and decided to stop the invading enemy at the hot gates and the adjacent seas.The Persians took the Thermopylai pass,reached Attica,and destroyed the Acropolis.The Spartan commander decided to abandon Athens and move to Corinth.Athens persuaded Sparta to take advantage of the favorable terrain of the Salami sea and annihilate the Persian navy.Afte

关 键 词：雅典 斯巴达 修昔底德陷阱 托名伪作 

分 类 号：K12[历史地理—历史学]