从屋大维到“奥古斯都”:论罗马帝国元首头衔的形成  

From Octavian to“Augustus”:On the Formation of Princeps’Titles of the Roman Empire

作　　者：何立波[1] He Libo

机构地区：[1]北京师范大学人文和社会科学高等研究院史学研究中心

出　　处：《世界历史评论》2022年第3期124-144,294,共22页The World History Review

基　　金：广东省哲学社会科学规划项目“罗马人王权意识演变与晚期罗马‘多米那特’制形成研究”(项目编号:GD21CWL01)阶段性成果。

摘　　要：“元首制”是前期罗马帝国的统治形式,是古代世界的一种独特的政体。西塞罗最早使用了“元首”的概念并进行论述。此外,希腊政治文化也对元首制的形成有着重要影响。屋大维希望成为希腊式的君主,但需要保留罗马传统的共和伪装。他拒绝了“勒克斯”的王衔,选择以“元首”名义进行统治。屋大维是元老院的“首席元老”,是公民集体的“第一公民”,被授予“奥古斯都”“统帅”“大祭司长”“国父”“神之子”等诸多尊号,确立了元首在国家体制中的独尊地位。元首统治不仅只有尊贵的头衔,元首统治权的基础是“保民官权”和“高级代行执政官权”这两大权力支柱。元首的权力需要元老院的授权,且在形式上是任期制,但实际上却是终身享有。在“共和外衣”下,奥古斯都成功构建了元首政体。“Principatus”was the regime of the early Roman Empire and a unique form of rule in the ancient world.The concept of“princeps”was first proposed and discussed it by Cicero.In addition,it had been influenced by the political culture of Greece.Octavian wanted to be a Greek monarch,but he needed to preserve the republican pretense of Roman tradition.He refused the title of“rex”and chose to rule in the name of“princeps”.Octavian was the“senatus princeps”of the Senate,the“princeps civitatis”of the citizens’collective,given the titles of“Augustus”“imperator”“potifex maximus”“pater patriae”“divi filius”and so on,establishes the sovereign position of princeps in“Principatus”.The rule of“princeps”was not only based on the noble titles,but also on the two pillars of power:tribunicia potestas and imperium proconsulare maius.The power of“princeps”required the authorization of the Senate and was formally a term of office,but in fact it was enjoyed for life.Augustus had succeeded in constructing“Principatus”under the cloak of“Republic”.

关 键 词：屋大维 奥古斯都 元首 首席元老 统帅 

分 类 号：K12[历史地理—历史学]