“比”字句中“还”和“都”的语义作用  

The Semantic Analysis of Adverbs “HAI” and “DOU” in Chinese Comparative Constructions

作　　者：郭锐[1] GUO Rui(Center for Chinese Linguistics/Department of Chinese Language and Literature,Peking University,Beijing 100871,China)

机构地区：[1]北京大学中国语言学研究中心中文系,北京100871

出　　处：《山西大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2022年第5期62-74,共13页Journal of Shanxi University(Philosophy and Social Science Edition)

基　　金：教育部人文社会科学重大项目“现代汉语共同语历史研究”(11JJD740006)。

摘　　要：“比+比较对象+还+A”构式中的“还”常被释义为“更加”义,但不少“比”字句中的“还”和“更加”并不能相互替换,反倒是“还”可与“都”相互替换。相关用法的“都”常被释义为“甚至”,“还”常被释义为“尚且”。“甚至”与“尚且”并不同义,用来解释“还”和“都”的意义,显然是说不通的。研究发现,“比+比较对象+还/都+A”中的比较对象重读、比较对象高程度预设、比较对象排斥全称性成分、比较对象的量级高端性、句义的衍推性、排斥外部否定等特点,与“连”字句完全吻合。“比+比较对象+还/都+A”其实是一种无标记的“连”字句,其中的“还/都”的意义是表示“高难事态”,即表示“还/都”所在的句子表示的事态是不易实现或不该实现的。把这种用法的“还”释义为“更加”或“尚且”,把“都”释义为“甚至”义,只是“高难事态”义在特定语境下实现的综合义。In Chinese comparative construction ‘BI + standard +HAI +adj’, the meaning of adverb HAI is often paraphrased as GENGJIA(more).However, HAI and GENGJIA can not substitute each other, while HAI can be substituted with DOU.HAI is usually paraphrased as SHANGQIE( yet) and DOU is paraphrased as SHENZHI(even).As SHENZHI and SHANGQIE are not synonymous, it obviously doesn’t make sense to explain the meanings of HAI and DOU with them.It is found that the comparative construction ‘BI + standard +HAI/DOU +adj’ have the following characteristics: stress of the standard, the presupposition of high degree, the avoidance of universal NP,the high-order magnitude of the standard, the entailment of the meaning of sentences, the avoidance of outer negation.These characteristics are completely consistent with the LIAN construction.In fact, ‘BI+standard+HAI/DOU +adj’ is an unmarked LIAN construction.The sense of HAI/DOU means ‘highly difficult situation’,which means that the situation represented by the sentence in which HAI/DOU is used is not easy to achieve or should not be achieved.To paraphrase HAI used in this way as GENGJIA or SHANGQIE and DOU as SHENZHI are the composite meanings of the core meaning ‘highly difficult situation’ realized in the specific contexts.

关 键 词：“比”字句 “连”字句 高难事态 核心义 综合义 

分 类 号：H146.3[语言文字—汉语]