公司发起人范围界定难题及其破解  

Problem of Defining the Scope of Company Founders and Solution

作　　者：周游[1] ZHOU You

机构地区：[1]中央财经大学法学院

出　　处：《中国政法大学学报》2022年第5期174-187,共14页Journal Of CUPL

基　　金：教育部2021年度人文社会科学研究青年基金项目“实际控制人的识别标准及其规则革新研究”(项目编号:21YJC820054)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：注册资本认缴登记制改革允许当事人自主决定出资期限,由此引致发起人的责任期限大幅度延长。而《公司法解释(三)》规定的发起人认定标准过于严苛,以及将发起人和设立时的股东混为一谈,更凸显发起人范围界定之疑难所在。诸多司法实践也呈现出与发起人制度设置目的相背离的裁判思路:发起人人数可能因为客观或主观原因减少,通常却不允许增加或更换。实际上,发起人作为一种责任主体,其对于公司成立以及资本充实都具有重要的法律意义。实践中对发起人范围界定宜采取可调适的“推定标准+认定标准”的动态识别模式;同时,秉持公司利益保护理念,法律原则上应尊重当事人之间有关发起人权利义务概括转移,或者增加、更换以及合理范围内减少发起人的约定。对此,有限责任公司场合更应有广阔的自治空间。总之,机械地理解发起人或者设立时的股东,皆囿于这两个概念的确带有明显的“时间”底色,可考虑替之以“特殊责任股东”概念,并据此夯实公司控制者的资本充实责任。进而,公司法还可明示投资者在认缴制与实缴制两者之间的规则选择权,同时对选择实缴制的公司及其投资者设置相应的激励机制。The reform of the system of registration of subscription of registered caiptal allows the parties to decide on their own the term of capital contribution,which leads to a significant prolongation of the founder’s liability period.However,the identification standard of founders stipulated in Judicial Interpretation III of Company Law is too rigorous.And the confusion between founders and shareholders at the time of establishment highlights the difficulty in defining the scope of founders.Many judicial practices also present the judging thought that differs from the purpose of the founder system:The number of founders may be reduced forobjective or subjective reasons,but usually no increase or replacement is allowed.In fact,as a kind of responsible parties,the founder has important legal significance for the establishment and capitalization of the company.In practice,it is appropriate to adopt the dynamic identification model of “presumption criteria & determination criteria” to define the scope of founders;At the same time,in accordance with the concept of protection of corporate interests,the agreement between the parties regarding the general transfer of rights and obligations of the founders,or the addition,replacement and reduction in the number of founders within a reasonable range should be respected under legal principles.In this regard,limited liability companies should have broader autonomy space.In a word,the inflexible understanding of the founder or the shareholder at the time of establishment is limited by the fact that these two concepts do have obvious “time” background.We can consider replacing it with the concept of “shareholder with special liability”,and accordingly consolidate the liability for capital providing of the controllers.Furthermore,Company Law can also indicate that investors can choose between the subscription system and the paid-in system,and set up corresponding incentive mechanisms for companies and their investors who choose the paid-in system.

关 键 词：发起人 设立时的股东 认缴制 特殊责任股东 

分 类 号：D922.291[政治法律—经济法学]