环境空气质量基准和标准制定方法及其对我国的启示  

Ambient air quality baseline and standard formulation methods and their enlightenment for China

作　　者：王永越 张芷宁 罗震宇 何廷堃 刘欢 段雷 陆克定[2] 刘诚[3] 李晓倩[4] 吴丰昌[4] 张远航[2] 刘文清[5] 贺克斌 Yongyue Wang;Zhining Zhang;Zhenyu Luo;Tingkun He;Huan Liu;Lei Duan;Keding Lu;Cheng Liu;Xiaoqian Li;Fengchang Wu;Yuanhang Zhang;Wenqing Liu;Kebin He(State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex,State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control,School of Environment,Tsinghua University,Beijing 100084,China;College of Environmental Science and Engineering,Peking University,Beijing 100091,China;Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrument,University of Science and Technology of China,Anhui 230026,China;State Key Laboratory of Environmental Benchmarking and Risk Assessment,Chinese Academy of Environmental Sciences,Beijing 100085,China;Hefei Institutes of Physical Science,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Anhui 230031,China)

机构地区：[1]清华大学环境学院,环境模拟与污染控制国家重点联合实验室,国家环境保护大气复合污染来源与控制重点实验室,北京100084 [2]北京大学环境科学与工程学院,北京100091 [3]中国科学技术大学精密机械和精密仪器系,安徽230026 [4]中国环境科学研究院,环境基准与风险评估国家重点实验室,北京100085 [5]中国科学院合肥物质科学研究院,安徽230031

出　　处：《科学通报》2022年第27期3324-3339,共16页Chinese Science Bulletin

基　　金：中国工程院战略研究与咨询项目(2021-JZ-05);国家自然科学基金(41822505);英国皇家学会牛顿高级学者基金(NAFR1201166)资助。

摘　　要：我国已经在大气污染治理方面取得了显著成效,空气质量明显改善,积累了先进的空气污染治理经验.现阶段,我国应逐步开启对环境空气质量基准的研究.本文详细介绍了国际上主要的三大类环境空气质量基准和标准的制定原则与方法,分别基于人体健康、植被暴露以及土壤/水体生态系统化学指标;汇总比较了国际上较常采用的一系列评价指标.在此基础上,对我国上述三方面的本土化基础研究进行综述,分析了我国开展环境空气质量基准研究的原则性路径,包括工作初期和完善体系的预期架构,指出工作初期制定基准的工作可以适当从简,但在工作基础逐渐丰富后,应当逐步细化的工作原则.此外,本文还对国内外环境空气标准的制定策略中采纳基准的情况进行了简要的比较和梳理,结合我国环境空气达标现状、管理体系和工作基础,面向“美丽中国”和“健康中国”的宏伟目标,提出在科学构建环境空气质量评估体系的过程中,既要考虑我国本土人群健康与生态独特的安全红线,又要注意基准向标准转化过程可能带来的管理难点,从而确保环境空气污染防治攻坚战稳步推进并取得胜利.China has accomplished remarkable achievements in air pollution control over the past decade,demonstrated a significant improvement in its ambient air quality,and gained immense and in-depth experience in air pollution control.At this stage,researchers should initiate research on formulating an ambient air quality baseline for better sustainable development.This paper details three internationally popular methods for ambient air quality baseline and standard formulation.These methods are mainly based on the aspects of human health,vegetation exposure,and chemical indices of the soil/water ecological system.A series of evaluation indices commonly used worldwide have been comprehensively summarized,and their advantages and disadvantages have also been compared.On this basis,the present paper summarizes China’s ambient air quality baseline and standard research based on human health,vegetation exposure,and chemical indices of the soil/water ecological system.Subsequently,this paper assesses the possibility of implementing the formulation method in China based on the above three aspects.For clarity,an analysis of the possible principled path was performed for establishing the environmental air quality baseline,including the probable structure of the initial period and the later advanced period of the formulation work.It should be noted that during the initial stage of work for the baseline formulation,the work can be appropriately simplified due to a lack of reference data and the unevolved nature of the working standard.However,after the foundation of the work is gradually enriched,the working principles should be gradually refined.Moreover,this paper briefly compares the role of the ambient air quality baseline with respect to the progress of ambient air standard formulation as well as its modification at the international and domestic levels.Furthermore,it illuminates the urgency and necessity for a well-fitted baseline for China based on the existing domestic study results regarding the ambient air pollution si

关 键 词：环境空气质量 基准制定 人体健康 植被暴露 土壤/水体生态系统化学指标 

分 类 号：X51-65[环境科学与工程—环境工程]