农田土壤中微塑料测试方法比较及应用研究  

Comparison and application of test methods for microplastics in farmland soil

作　　者：汤庆峰 王佳敏 李琴梅 高峡[1] 邓平晔 邵鹏 魏炜 王红燕 TANG Qingfeng;WANG Jiamin;LI Qinmei;GAO Xia;DENG Pingye;SHAO Peng;WEI Wei;WANG Hongyan(Institute of Analysis and Testing,Beijing Academy of Science and Technology(Beijing Center for Physical and Chemical Analysis),Beijing 100089,China)

机构地区：[1]北京市科学技术研究院分析测试研究所(北京市理化分析测试中心),北京100089

出　　处：《中国测试》2022年第10期145-151,共7页China Measurement & Test

基　　金：北京市科学技术研究院高水平创新团队计划项目(HIT201902)。

摘　　要：微塑料是指粒径小于5 mm的塑料,包括碎片、纤维、颗粒、发泡等不同形貌类型。作为一种新型环境污染物,微塑料污染已成为全球性的环境问题。微塑料进入农田后,对土壤理化性质、微生物群落、土壤动植物生长等均产生不利影响,损害土壤健康,影响农业生产和农产品质量。开展微塑料研究,构建准确的分析方法是重要基础和前提。该文对农田土壤中微塑料的测试方法进行比较研究,对比分析目检法、扫描电镜/能谱法、热裂解气质联用和显微-傅里叶变换红外光谱法在研究微塑料中的优缺点。结果表明,显微-傅里叶变换红外光谱法不仅能够对微塑料颜色、尺寸大小进行形貌表征,而且能够对其组成成分进行谱图鉴别,是土壤微塑料分析鉴别的理想方法。基于显微-傅里叶变换红外光谱法,分析微塑料在新疆农田土壤中的分布及组成特征,微塑料形状主要为薄膜状(35.2%),颗粒状(27.8%)和纤维状(22.5%);粒径<200μm(44.2%), 200~500μm(32.5%), 500~1 000μm(12.8%), 1 000~5 000μm(10.5%);材质以聚乙烯(60.2%)、聚丙烯(18.3%)、聚氯乙烯(8.6%)为主。Microplastics refer to plastics with particle size less than 5 mm, including fragments, fibers,particles, foaming and other different morphological types. As a new type of environmental pollutants,microplastic pollution has become a global environmental problem. After entering the farmland, microplastics will have an adverse impact on soil physical and chemical properties, microbial community and soil animal and plant growth, damage soil health and affect agricultural production and the quality of agricultural products. It is an important foundation and premise to carry out the research of microplastics and construct an accurate analysis method. In this paper, the test methods of microplastics in farmland soil were compared, and the advantages and disadvantages of visual inspection method, scanning electron microscope/energy spectrum method, pyrolysis GC-MS and micro Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy in the study of microplastics were compared and analyzed. The results show that micro Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy can not only characterize the color, size and morphology of micro plastics, but also identify their components. It is an ideal method for the analysis and identification of soil micro plastics. Based on micro Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, the distribution and composition characteristics of microplastics in farmland soil in Xinjiang were analyzed. The shapes of microplastics were mainly thin film(35.2%), granular(27.8%) and fibrous(22.5%);Particle size <200 μm(44.2%), 200-500 μm(32.5%), 500-1 000 μm(12.8%), 1 000-5 000 μm(10.5%);The main materials are polyethylene(60.2%), polypropylene(18.3%) and polyvinyl chloride(8.6%).

关 键 词：土壤 微塑料 目检法 扫描电镜/能谱法 热裂解气质联用法 显微-傅里叶变换红外光谱法 

分 类 号：O657.37[理学—分析化学] TB9[理学—化学]