大同华严寺辽代彩绘泥塑颜料与胶结剂的科学剖析  

Scientific analysis of pigments and adhesives of polychrome clay sculptures of the Liao Dynasty in Huayan Temple in Datong

作　　者：甄刚 王鑫 郝锌颖 贾甲 倪芳芳 高燕 白雪松 童华[2] ZHEN Gang;WANG Xin;HAO Xinying;JIA Jia;NI Fangfang;GAO Yan;BAI Xuesong;TONG Hua(Key Scientific Research Base of Conservation on Stone and Brick Materials(Shaanxi Institute for the Preservation of Cultural Heritage),National Cultural Heritage Administration,Xi’an 710075,China;College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences,Wuhan University,Wuhan 430072,China;Department for the History of Science and Scientific Archaeology,University of Science and Technology of China,Hefei 230026,China;Datong Museum of Culture and Art of Liao and Jing,Datong 037000,China)

机构地区：[1]砖石质文物保护国家文物局重点科研基地(陕西省文物保护研究院),陕西西安710075 [2]武汉大学化学与分子科学学院,湖北武汉430072 [3]中国科学技术大学科技史与科技考古系,安徽合肥230026 [4]大同市辽金文化艺术博物馆,山西大同037006

出　　处：《文物保护与考古科学》2022年第5期32-42,共11页Sciences of Conservation and Archaeology

摘　　要：为揭示大同辽代华严寺彩绘泥塑颜料及胶结剂的化学成分及调制应用组合,对华严寺薄伽教藏殿内的典型颜料层样品进行了综合剖析。利用超景深显微镜、扫描电镜-X射线能谱、显微拉曼光谱等对彩绘样品中的颜料部分展开分析。结果表明,红色颜料主要是铅丹(Pb_(3)O_(4))和朱砂(HgS),绿色颜料主要是孔雀石[Cu_(2)CO_(3)(OH)_(2)]和氯铜矿[Cu_(2)(OH)_(3)Cl],而且这两种颜色存在着同色系的两种颜料混和使用的情况。蓝色颜料则为蓝铜矿[Cu_(3)(CO_(3))_(2)(OH)_(2)],黄色颜料为雌黄(As_(2)S_(3)),金色区域则主要是由金(Au)构成;采用红外光谱和甲基衍生化-热裂解-气相色谱串联质谱技术对彩绘样品中的胶结剂成分进行检测。结果表明,金色区域的胶结剂主要是熟桐油和胶蛋白,说明其中存在着“金胶油”的传统贴金工艺;而其他红、绿、蓝、黄等彩色区域则只有胶蛋白为胶结剂。研究结果为后续的彩塑保护提供一定的科学支持。In order to reveal the compositions of pigments and adhesives used for polychrome clay sculptures of the Liao Dynasty in Huayan Temple in Datong,we carried out comprehensive analysis of typical polychrome samples.Digital microscopy,scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectrometry(SEM-EDS)and micro-Raman spectrometry were used for pigment analysis.The results show that the red pigments are mainly lead red(Pb_(3)O_(4))and cinnabar(HgS),the green ones mainly malachite[Cu_(2)CO_(3)(OH)_(2)]and atacamite[Cu_(2)(OH)_(3)Cl](these two samples were mixed with two different pigments in similar colors),the blue one is azurite[Cu_(3)(CO_(3))_(2)(OH)_(2)],the yellow one orpiment(As_(2)S_(3))and the gold area mainly composed of gold(Au).The composition of adhesives in polychrome samples was detected by Fourier transform infrared(FTIR)spectrometry and thermally assisted hydrolysis and methylation-pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry(THM-Py-GC/MS).The results show that the main adhesives for the gold area are heat-bodied tung oil and glue protein,indicating the existence of the traditional painting technique of“gilding”.For the other color(red,green,blue and yellow)areas,only glue protein is used as adhesives.

关 键 词：华严寺 彩绘泥塑 矿物颜料 胶结剂 传统工艺 

分 类 号：K879[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学]