明清两淮盐务道员建置新考  

A New Textual Research on the Yanfa-Dao of the Lianghuai Salt Zone in Ming and Qing Dynasties

作　　者：黄凯凯 Huang Kaikai(Department of History,School of Humanities,Nanchang University,Nanchang 330031,China)

机构地区：[1]南昌大学人文学院历史系,江西南昌330031

出　　处：《历史地理研究》2022年第3期61-73,154,共14页The Chinese Historical Geography

基　　金：南昌大学哲学社会科学青年学术骨干培育项目“扬州盐商与清代资本市场研究”(QN202002)。

摘　　要：盐务道员是明清政府为管理食盐产销设立的重要职官。万历末年,明廷为催征盐课以供辽饷,先后创设整饬、疏理两淮盐法道。天启以后,党争剧烈,道臣清理盐法成效不彰,崇祯朝致力恢复运司专管盐法的旧制。清代重新调整盐官制度,合并运使、盐道为“管盐法道运使”,又新设监管场产的“分巡盐务道”和职司岸销的“通省盐法道”。盐务道员由朝廷差遣官变为地方盐务机构,与专管盐课钱粮的运司衙门共同成为包衣盐差的直属办事机构。皇帝为独揽两淮利权,又令两江总督兼总理盐法,与包衣盐差相互制约。道光年间,盐差因整顿不力奉裁,盐政改归总督管理。咸同军兴以后,运司、盐道的职权被招商、督销等局侵夺,两淮利权遂归总督,成为晚清督臣专权的财政基础。Yanfa-Dao was an important official set up by the Ming and Qing governments to regulate the production and sales of salt. It began with the Wanli reign,at the end of which the Lianghuai salt zone was set up to rectify and manage Yanfa-Dao,which was a special dispatch officer of the imperial court to collect salt taxes. During the Tianqi years,party conflicts were fierce,and Yanfa-Dao’s rectification of salt affairs had not been effective,so the Chongzhen court worked to restore the old system dominated by the Salt Administrator.The Qing Dynasty readjusted the salt official system,and in addition to the merger of Salt Administrator and Yanfa-Dao,the Fenxun Yanwu-Dao to manage production and the Tongsheng Yanfa-Dao to manage sales were established. Yanfa-Dao went from being a dispatch officer to a local salt agency,and together with the Salt Administrator became a direct office of Booi Salt Inspector. To monopolize Lianghuai’s salt interests,the Emperor also ordered the Liangjiang Governor-general to also manage the salt affairs to supervise the Booi Salt Inspector. The Daoguang court abolished Booi Salt Inspector and salt affairs were placed under the administration of Liangjiang Governor-general. After Xianfeng and Tongzhi,the authority of Salt Administrator and Yanfa-Dao was usurped by the Bureaus of Investment and Supervision,and Lianghuai’s salt interests were returned to the Liangjiang Governor-general and became a monopoly and financial basis of his office.

关 键 词：明清道制 两淮盐政 盐法道 盐运使 巡盐御史 

分 类 号：K928[历史地理—人文地理学]