Insect herbivory immediately before the eclipse of the gymnosperms:The Dawangzhangzi plant assemblage of Northeastern China  

作　　者：Lifang Xiao Conrad C.Labandeira Dong Ren 

机构地区：[1]College of Life Science and Academy for Multidisciplinary Studies,Capital Normal University,Bejing,China [2]Smithsonian Institution,National Museum of Natural History,Washington,DC,USA [3]Department of Entomology and Bees Program,University of Maryland,College Park,MD,USA

出　　处：《Insect Science》2022年第5期1483-1520,共38页昆虫科学（英文版）

基　　金：supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grants 41688103 and 32020103006).

摘　　要：The Early Cretaceous terrestrial revolution involved global shifts from gymnosperm-to angiosperm-dominated floras.However,responses of insect herbivores to these changes remain unexamined.We evaluated 2176 highly sampled plant specimens representing 62 species/morphotypes from the 126 Ma Dawangzhangzi plant assemblage of Northeastern China.Our study consisted of horsetails,ferns,ginkgoaleans,czekanowskialeans,conifers,and an angiosperm.Their herbivory was evaluated by the functional feeding groups of hole feeding,margin feeding,and surface feeding(ectophytic feeders);piercer and suckers,and ovipositing insects(ectoendophytic feeders);mining,galling,and borings(endophytic feeders);and pathogens,collectively constituting 65 damage types(DTs).The plant assemblage was assessed for herbivory richness by DT richness,component community structure,and DT specialization on plant hosts;for herbivory intensity,it was evaluated for DT frequency,herbivorized surface area,and feeding event occurrences.Using feeding event occurrences,the data supported seven species/morphotypes as most intensely herbivorized:Liaoningocladus boii(76.6%),Czekanowskia sp.1(8.4%),Czekanowskia rigida(4.10%),Lindleycladus lanceolatus(3.5%),Ginkgoites sp.2(2.0%),Podozamites sp.1(1.1%),and Solenites sp.1(0.9%).The most herbivorized taxa were pinaleans(conifers),then czekanowskialeans,and lastly ginkgoaleans;the monodominant component community was the conifer Liaoningocladus boii.DT host specialization levels were low.The plant assemblage had an overall low 0.86%of foliage removed by herbivores,explained by physical and chemical antiherbivore defenses,and parasitoid attack.Although Paleozoic,gymnosperm-dominated assemblages had greater herbivory,component community structure of the three most herbivorized taxa are more similar to modern bracken fern and willow than modern gymnosperm taxa.

关 键 词：broadleaved conifer Cretaceous terrestrial revolution Czekanowskia damage type herbivory index Liaoningocladus boit MESOZOIC OVIPOSITOR Yixian Formation 

分 类 号：Q96[生物学—昆虫学]