美国司法长臂管辖权的演进逻辑  

The Evolution Logic of Civil Long-Arm Jurisdiction in the U.S.

作　　者：余涛 Yu Tao

机构地区：[1]东南大学法学院 [2]东南大学民事检察研究中心

出　　处：《国际经济法学刊》2022年第3期75-89,共15页Journal of International Economic Law

基　　金：国家社科基金项目“新《证券法》实施背景下存托凭证信息披露规范的适用研究”(项目号:20CFX049)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：美国的司法长臂管辖权肇始于美国州际民事诉讼。州层面的司法长臂管辖权向联邦层面的扩张体现为最低联系标准向全国性送达程序的扩张和长臂法令向《联邦民事诉讼法》的扩张。美国的司法长臂管辖权包含于属人管辖权,等价于特殊管辖权。司法长臂管辖权之启动的判定规则是最低联系标准,包含“最低联系”和“公平”两个要件。最低联系要件的演进逻辑有二:一是从强调“效果”到重视“行为”,二是联邦层面的“聚合标准”与州层面的“引致标准”并行发展。公平要件的演进逻辑也有两个:一是从强调“公平竞争”到注重“合理性”,二是从“单一考量”到“综合衡量”。长臂管辖权的概念在向刑事领域扩张,但并未向行政领域扩张,而是与行政领域中功能相似的机制相融合,因为实质意义上的执法长臂管辖权的出现不晚于司法长臂管辖权。实质意义上的执法长臂管辖权具有扩张性,司法长臂管辖权具有审慎性。Long-arm jurisdiction in the U.S. originated from interstate civil litigations. The expansion of the long-arm jurisdiction from state level to federal level is reflected in the adoption of minimum contact test, including the two prongs of minimum contact and fairness, by the federal courts in terms of national service process and in the creation of long-arm provisions in the FRCP. Long-arm jurisdiction, which is equivalent to specific jurisdiction, is a kind of personal jurisdictions. Minimum contact test is the threshold rule for long-arm jurisdiction. For the prong of minimum contact, the federal courts have changed their eyes from “effect” to “conduct” and what should be noticed is that aggregate contact is adopted by the federal courts while disaggregation concerns the state courts. A more comprehensive review, rather than isolated examination, is widely accepted by the courts when they construe the fairness. Also, rational standard has become more popular than notion of fair play. The expansive concept of long-arm jurisdiction is encroaching into the criminal domain, while long-arm jurisdiction in the substantive sense in administrative affairs has been existed for a period probably longer than that in civil suits. Notably, long-arm jurisdiction in administration is outstretched, which is a contrast to the prudent long-arm jurisdiction in civil cases.

关 键 词：司法长臂管辖权 最低联系标准 执法长臂管辖权 属人管辖权 

分 类 号：D971.2[政治法律—法学] DD915