Drastic changes in fertility level and timing in response to marriage and fertility policies: evidence from Shandong province, China  

作　　者：Cuiling Zhang TomášSobotka 

机构地区：[1]China Population and Development Research Centre,No.12,Dahuisi Road,Haidian District,Beijing,People’s Republic of China [2]Wittgenstein Centre for Demography and Global Human Capital(IIASA,VID/ÖAW,WU),Vienna Institute of Demography,Austrian Academy of Sciences,Vordere Zollamtsstraße 3,1030 Vienna,Austria

出　　处：《China Population and Development Studies》2021年第5期191-214,共24页当代中国人口与发展（英文）

摘　　要：China’s“one-child policy”that had been in force between 1980 and 2016 evolved over time and differed widely between regions.Local policies in many regions also targeted the timing and spacing of childbearing by setting the minimum age at mar-riage,first birth and second birth and defining minimum interval between births.Our study uses data from the 120 Counties Population Dynamics Monitoring Sys-tem to reconstruct fertility level and timing in nine counties in Shandong province,which experienced frequent changes in birth and marriage policies.We reconstruct detailed indicators of fertility by birth order in 1986-2016,when policies on mar-riage and fertility timing became strictly enforced since 1989 and subsequently relaxed(especially in 2002)and abandoned(in 2013).Our analysis reveals that birth timing policies have fuelled drastic changes in fertility level,timing and spacing in the province.In the early 1990s period fertility rates plummeted to extreme low levels,with the provincial average total fertility rate falling below 1 in 1992-1995.Second births rates fell especially sharply.The age schedule of childbearing shifted to later ages and births became strongly concentrated just above the minimum pol-icy age at first and second birth,resulting in a bimodal distribution of fertility with peaks at ages 25 and 32.Conversely,the abandonment of the province-level policy on the minimum age at marriage and first birth and less strict enforcement of the policy on the minimum age at second birth contributed to a recovery of period fertil-ity rates in the 2000s and a shift to earlier timing of first and second births.It also led to a shorter second birth interval and a re-emergence of a regular age schedule of fertility with a single peak around age 28.

关 键 词：FERTILITY Family policies Total fertility rate Birth timing CHILDBEARING Very low fertility Shandong province China 

分 类 号：F42[经济管理—产业经济]