越剧女小生新论——对女子越剧的一种社会性解释  

A New Theory on Female Xiaosheng in the Yue Opera:A Social Interpretation of Women-Performed Yue Opera

作　　者：蓝凡 LAN Fan(Shanghai Film Academy,Shanghai University,Shanghai 200444)

机构地区：[1]上海大学上海电影学院,上海200444

出　　处：《文化艺术研究》2022年第5期34-60,113,共28页Studies in Culture and Art

摘　　要：女子越剧及越剧女小生行当的产生,是中国戏曲为因应时代与社会的巨大变革而发生的一项应变。在中国戏曲的许多剧种中,以女小生为台柱的舞台演剧体系,将“女小生”作为一个行当来处理;以女性观众为主的观演群体,创造了一个与众不同的新娱乐空间,并由此而奠定女子越剧剧种风格的基础,仅为越剧。女子越剧的新古典主义剧种风格的两大特征是女性与通俗。在这里,通俗的本质就是城市的大众性,是城市新女性的平权思想、祛魅诉求和生活愿景的平民化。越剧的剧种风格属性,框定了其在舞台演唱中的自身特点,即用新城市、新市民、新女性的通俗性取代了昆曲的传统文人性,并且在其本性上,仍然保持了其原有的民间艺术的属性。作为行当的越剧女小生,其行当逻辑是站在女性立场上的舞台表演,这种行当逻辑,而非行当的“反串”表演,决定了越剧女小生的舞台表演基础的特殊性——一种以女性“替代”男性的舞台表演逻辑。女子越剧的本质矛盾,也就是女小生的行当性矛盾。这种本质性矛盾“超越”了人的生理性别的矛盾统一,而进入到一个社会性层面,即作为剧种的女小生,其行当的特征是艺术性与政治性高度契合的结果。它开创了中国戏曲剧种历史上的一个特殊的先例:政治对艺术的影响,在这里成为了政治对艺术的主导性作用,进而成为一种规导戏曲行当的艺术形态与方法的主要因素。所以,矛盾的本质既是艺术性的,更是社会性的。面对女子越剧的性别性与社会性的矛盾,社会性矛盾是主要的、刚性的矛盾,当然剧种风格不是一成不变的,它将随着社会的变革而变革。The emergence of women-performed Yue opera and xiaosheng actresses in Yue opera was a response of Chinese opera to the great changes of the time and the society.Yue opera is the only genre of Chinese opera that considers the female xiaosheng as the leading role on the stage and a role type,creates a distinctive entertainment space,and lays the foundation of the style of women-performed Yue opera by performers and audiences that are mainly female.Women-performed Yue opera,with a neoclassical style,has two features:femininity and democracy.This democracy stems from urban pop culture and from the feminist thoughts,the wish of disenchantment,and the vision for a better life of a new generation of urban women.The characteristics of Yue opera decide its style of stage performance,replacing the literati nature of kunqu with the democracy of the new city,new citizens,and new women while keeping the former’s nature as a folk art.The performance of xiaosheng actresses in Yue opera follows the logic of feminist stage performance.This logic,instead of that of cross-dressing,determines the uniqueness Yue opera Xiaosheng actresses’performance:a kind of stage performance in which women"replace"men.The essential contradiction of women-performed Yue opera is the contradiction of female xiaosheng.It transcends the paradox of gender and goes into a social sphere.Female xiaosheng,as a role type,is the combination of art of polictics.It becomes a precedent in the history of Chinese opera where,instead of influencing art,politics dominates art and hence regulates the form and method of art.Therefore,the nature of the contradiction is both artistic and social.Women-performed Yue opera is contradict in terms of gender and society,the social contradiction being the major,tough one.The style of womenperformed Yue opera is also fluid that goes with the current of the society.

关 键 词：女子越剧 女小生 行当 新古典主义 剧种风格 女权思想 

分 类 号：J825.2[艺术—戏剧戏曲]