从礼法生成看家国一体共同体的形成  

Study on the Formation of the Community with an Integration of Family and Nation from the Perspective of the Generation of Rite and Law

作　　者：张中秋[1] ZHANG Zhongqiu

机构地区：[1]中国政法大学法律史学研究院

出　　处：《中国法律评论》2022年第5期71-76,共6页China Law Review

基　　金：国家社科基金重点项目“中国传统法理学研究(20AFX008)”成果。

摘　　要：学界关于共同体特别是民族国家共同体秩序与制度的形成,存在社会契约论和自发秩序论两种对立的理论观点。用中国先秦荀子的“约定俗成”思想来对应,契约论可略谓之“约定”,自发论可略谓之“俗成”。其实,契约论和自发论都是源于西方社会历史经验的理论。如果从礼法生成来看传统中国家国一体共同体的形成,可以发现传统中国是家国一体共同体的社会,其共同体的秩序与制度是礼法结构,礼法在规范形式上是“制作”的结果,同于荀子所说的“约定”,有西方“社会契约论”的意味;但在根源和内容实质上,礼法则是社会“生成”的结果,同于荀子所说的“俗成”,有西方“自发秩序论”的意味。由此推论,建立在礼法结构之上的传统中国家国一体的共同体,其形成的结构形式及其根源和内容实质亦与礼法相通,所以,它整体上既不是单一约定的结果,又不是单一俗成的结果,而是约定与俗成相结合的结果。由此可见,西方有关共同体的“契约论”和“自发秩序论”,只能启发我们来理解而不能代替解释传统中国家国一体共同体形成的历史与实践。这是因为传统中国是一个家国同构共理的社会,家的结构与国的结构相通,家的秩序原理可以用来理解国的秩序原理。这表明只有出于社会自身历史经验的理论才会有真正的解释力,凡不是出于这个社会自身历史经验的理论就不会有这样的解释力。In the academic circle, there are two opposing theories about the formation of community order and system, especially the nation-state community. One is Social Contract Theory, and the other is Spontaneous Order Theory. Comparing with the Yue Ding Su Cheng Thought of Xunzi in pre-Qin China, with the former Yue Ding roughly meaning agreement through tacit approval and the latter Su Cheng usually amounting to formation in the long-time practice and convention, Social Contract Theory can be in great part corresponding to Yue Ding while Spontaneous Order Theory to Su Cheng. If we analyze the formation of the community with an integration of family and nation in traditional China from the perspective of the generation of rite and law, we can fnd that traditional China is a society of the community with an integration of family and nation. The order and system of this community is structured by rite and law. Rite and law is the result of being “made” in its normative form. This not only equals to Yue Ding by Xunzi, but also has the western sense of Social Contract Theory. However, as far as its root and essence are concerned, Rite and law is the result of being socially “formed”. This not only equals to Su Cheng by Xunzi, but also has the western sense of Spontaneous Order Theory. Therefore, rite and law as a whole is neither the single result of Yue Ding nor the single result of Su Cheng. It is the result of the combination of Yue Ding and Su Cheng. Thus, it follows that the western community theory of Social Contract and Spontaneous Order can only enlighten us to understand but not to replace the explanation of the history and practice of the formation of the community with an integration of family and nation in traditional China.

关 键 词：礼法生成 家国共同体 约定与俗成 同构共理 

分 类 号：D909[政治法律—法学理论]