小麦杂种优势群的创制  

Establishment of heterotic groups for hybrid wheat breeding

作　　者：朱献文 徐云碧 李健[1] 张兴平 Xianwen Zhu;Yunbi Xu;Jian Li;Xingping Zhang(Peking University Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences,Shandong Laboratory of Advanced Agriculture Sciences in Weifang,Weifang 261325,China;Institute of Crop Sciences,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Beijing 100081,China;International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center,El Batan Texcoco 56130,Mexico)

机构地区：[1]潍坊现代农业山东省实验室,北京大学现代农业研究院,潍坊261325 [2]中国农业科学院作物科学研究所,北京100081 [3]International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center,El Batan Texcoco 56130,Mexico

出　　处：《科学通报》2022年第26期3152-3164,共13页Chinese Science Bulletin

基　　金：山东省自然科学基金(ZR2021ZD30)资助。

摘　　要：随着小麦雄性不育系杂交种生产技术的改进,杂交种生产成本有望在不久的将来大幅度降低,这为杂交小麦产业化提供了可能.异源多倍体特性、品种之间遗传基础狭窄,以及长期的自交选择致使小麦杂种优势相对较弱.构建小麦杂种优势群可以提高杂交种亲本选配效率、扩大亲本间遗传差异、增强杂交种的杂种优势是提高小麦杂种优势利用效率的有效手段.小麦杂种优势群创建的一个重要任务就是要增加亲本群体的一般配合力(general combining ability,GCA),选择具有高特殊配合力(specific combining ability,SCA)的杂优组合.父本优势群选择目标为中高秆、花粉量大、花药易外露、抗病性强等.母本优势群选择目标为矮秆或半矮秆、开颍性好、抗病性强等.小麦种质资源的杂种优势潜力分析与分类是小麦杂种优势群构建的先决条件,其方法主要有系谱分析法、表型分类法、配合力分类法、遗传距离分类法及基因组预测法.利用小麦雄性不育系尤其是矮败不育系的轮回选择(recurrent selection,RS)与基于基因组预测的相互轮回选择(reciprocal recurrent selection,RRS)可以有效提高小麦杂种优势群改良效率.基于基因组预测进行小麦杂种优势群的构建过程包括群体初级分类、杂种优势群预测、杂种优势群改良以及优势组合选配.以我国主干品种为基础,通过广泛收集国内外优良的品种资源扩大杂种优势群的遗传基础,基于功能基因位点进行遗传多样性分析建立适合不同麦区的杂种优势群,对我国杂交小麦生产具有重要意义.Hybrids utilized in maize and rice production are excellent examples of enhancing crop yield to meet the demand of the increasing world population and climate change.Similarly,hybrid wheat should provide an avenue to increase wheat yield and stress tolerance.Heterosis of wheat is relatively weak due to its allopolyploidy,narrow genetic base between varieties,and long-term varietal selection.The construction of wheat heterotic groups can improve hybrid parental breeding and selection,increase the genetic difference between parents,and enhance the performance of hybrids.To form heterotic groups,it is necessary to understand how heterotic groups are structured.The genetic mechanism of heterosis is not completely understood at present.Research shows that there is no clear relationship between heterosis-related QTL and crops.Also,there is no fixed mode of heterosis in a species.Because multiple genes control heterosis,selection with molecular markers is difficult.Heterosis can be largely attributed to non-additive effects of genes and specific combining ability(SCA)of hybrid combinations.High general combining ability(GCA)of parents plays an important role in maintaining strong heterosis between heterotic groups.Therefore,wheat heterotic group development needs to increase the GCA of parental lines within each heterotic group and select hybrid combinations with high SCA.Some desirable traits for a male heterotic group include tall or medium plant height,heavy pollen production,and strong anther extrusion.Desirable traits for female parents include dwarf or semi-dwarf plant height and large glume opening angle.Disease resistance is important in both male and female groups.Commercial production of hybrid wheat is possible only through the use of male sterility systems.Male sterility in the female parents must be restored by genes in the male parent.Pedigrees,phenotypes,combining ability,genetic distances,and genomic prediction can be used to develop heterotic groups.Genomic prediction can be used to predict heterosis an

关 键 词：小麦 杂种优势 杂种优势群 配合力 基因组预测 

分 类 号：S512.1[农业科学—作物学]