云南温光敏两系杂交小麦研究进展与思考  

Research progress and reflection of two-line hybrid wheat based on thermo-photo sensitive genic male sterility in Yunnan

作　　者：李绍祥[1] 丁明亮[1] 李宏生[1] 刘琨[1] 杨忠慧 顾坚[1] 杨木军[1] Shaoxiang Li;Mingliang Ding;Hongsheng Li;Kun Liu;Zhonghui Yang;Jian Gu;Mujun Yang(Yunnan Branch of National Wheat Improvement Center,Food Crops Research Institute,Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Kunming 650205,China)

机构地区：[1]云南省农业科学院粮食作物研究所,国家小麦改良中心云南分中心,昆明650205

出　　处：《科学通报》2022年第26期3197-3206,共10页Chinese Science Bulletin

基　　金：国家自然科学基金(31960425,32160473);云南省粮食安全种业提升专项(530000210000000013809);国家重点研发计划(2016YFD0101600)资助。

摘　　要：1992年,湖南农业大学和重庆市农业科学院分别育成小麦光温敏核不育系ES系列和温光敏核不育系C49S系列,为中国小麦杂种优势利用开辟了一条新途径.同年云南省引进ES和C49S进行育性鉴定,筛选出的重庆温光敏不育系C49S-87在云南3个生态区有15~20 d的不育期,利用该不育系育成的杂交小麦品种云杂3号于2002年通过云南省审定并实现了较大面积的生产应用.2001年,利用C49S-87育成不育期更长、育性更稳定、异交结实性更好的不育系K78S,以之组配的云杂5号和云杂6号分别于2004、2005年通过云南省审定.借助云南小麦生长期间多风、少雨的有利条件和K78S的优良异交结实习性,研究建立了父、母本带状种植机械化高效制种技术,制种产量可达到4500 kg/ha以上,促进了杂交小麦品种在云南的推广应用.同时还研发了基于小麦玉米杂交的小麦双单倍体技术用于加速不育系、恢复系创制以及亲本提纯.2005年之后,受配合力优良的实用型不育系少、恢复系育种体系不完善、不育系和恢复系的条锈病抗性丧失等因素影响,云南省在强优势杂交小麦品种选育上进展甚微.本文总结了温光敏两系杂交小麦在云南研究30年的成功经验,并对存在的问题及其对策进行了探讨,以期为今后的杂交小麦育种提供参考.Wheat is one of the most important food crops in Yunnan Province.Drought and yellow rust are the main limiting factors to wheat productivity.Utilization of heterosis is expected to be a promising way to increase resistance to stress and yield potential.In 1992,photo-thermo sensitive genic male sterile wheat“ES”and thermo-photo sensitive genic male sterile wheat“C49S”were developed by Hunan Agricultural University and Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Science,respectively,which provided a new way for heterosis utilization in China by conducting two-line hybrid wheat breeding.ES and C49S were sterile under low-temperature and short-day conditions,and fertile under high-temperature and long-day conditions.During 1993–2000,ten sterile lines of ES and C49S were introduced into Yunnan for sterility identification,while only C49S-87 from Chongqing showed stable sterility in three special locations of Yunnan when sowed in middle October,with 15–20 d of sterile heading duration(bagged seed-set rate<1%).In 2002,hybrid cultivar Yunza 3 from C49S-87 was released in Yunnan and increased yield by 11.4%over the inbred CK in regional tests,but was planted only 12400 ha in Yunnan due to the loss of resistance to yellow rust after 2004.Given that C49S-87 was poor in out-crossing ability(40%–50%)and susceptible to yellow rust,an improved sterile line K78S was developed from C49S-87 in 2001.K78S had 26–44 d of sterile heading duration in all regions with altitudes from 1530 to 2400 m when sowed from middle October to early November,as well as better out-crossing ability(70%–80%)and higher resistance to yellow rust.In 2004 and 2005,Yunza 5 and Yunza 6 developed from K78S were separately released in Yunnan.Both cultivars showed higher yield increase by>15%in regional tests.Meanwhile,high cross-pollination ability of K78S markedly raised the yield of hybrid seed production from 1500–1800 kg/ha of Yunza 3 to 3900–4500 kg/ha of Yunza 5 and Yunza 6 when the same techniques of mechanized seed production were applied.T

关 键 词：杂交小麦 两系法 温光敏核不育 云南 

分 类 号：S512.1[农业科学—作物学]