论FTAs劳工条款的损害结果要件:法理、适用与完善  

Discussion on the Elements of Damage Result in the Dispute Settlement of FTA Labor Clauses

作　　者：马忠法[1] 谢迪扬 MA Zhong-fa;XIE Di-yang(School of law,Fudan University,Shanghai,20043&China)

机构地区：[1]复旦大学法学院,上海200438

出　　处：《福建江夏学院学报》2022年第5期56-70,共15页Journal of Fujian Jiangxia University

基　　金：中国人权研究会“构建人类命运共同体理念与全球人权治理研究”(CSHRS2020-26YB);国家社会科学基金重大项目“构建人类命运共同体国际法治创新研究”(18ZDA153);国家社会科学基金重点项目“‘人类命运共同体’国际法理论与实践研究”(18AFX025)。

摘　　要：损害结果要件是美欧FTAs劳工制度中的“格式条款”,其解释和适用将显著影响争端解决的胜败。在美国诉危地马拉案中,美国败诉正是因为其未能证明危地马拉未有效实施国内劳动法的行为对美国造成“损害结果”。根据不干涉内政原理、损害赔偿原理和法经济学原理,FTA劳工条款不能简单剔除损害结果要件;USMCA设置损害结果举证责任倒置的规定也有失公允。应从公平贸易的立法目的入手,坚持逐案证明一国国内劳工事务与国际贸易、投资之间的联系,并将损害结果的举证责任分配给起诉方。在申请加入CPTPP的背景下,中国应做好充分准备,以应对CPTPP劳工条款下的争端解决,并运用好相关机制,主动维护国家、企业和劳动者的合法权益。the element of damage result is the"standard clause"in the labor chapter of American and European FTAs.Its interpretation and application will significantly affect the success or failure of labor clause dispute settlement.In the case of the United States v.Guatemala,the United States lost the case precisely because it failed to prove that Guatemala’s failure to effectively implement the domestic labor law caused"damage results"to the United States.According to the principles of non-interference,damage compensation and the Law and Economics,FTA labor clauses cannot simply eliminate the elements of damage results;It is also unfair for USMCA to set the inversion of the burden of proof for damage results.We should start with the legislative purpose of fair trade,insist on proving the connection between a country’s domestic labor affairs and international trade and investment on a case by case basis,and allocate the burden of proof of"damage result"to the plaintiff.In the context of applying to join the CPTPP,China should be fully prepared to deal with dispute settlement under labor terms;And make good use of relevant mechanisms to actively safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of the state,enterprises and workers.

关 键 词：损害结果 FTA 劳工条款 争端解决 

分 类 号：F757.12[经济管理—国际贸易]