环境法典中新污染物环境风险管控的立法思路  

Legislative Thoughts on Environmental Risk Management and Control of Emerging Pollutants in Environmental Code

作　　者：严厚福[1] YAN Houfu

机构地区：[1]北京师范大学法学院,北京100875

出　　处：《南京工业大学学报（社会科学版）》2022年第5期18-30,115,共14页Journal of Nanjing Tech University：Social Science Edition

基　　金：最高人民法院司法研究重大课题“司法服务保障碳达峰碳中和研究”(ZGFYZDKT202203-03)。

摘　　要：我国对常规污染物的治理取得了显著成效,但以有毒有害化学物质的生产和使用为主要来源的新污染物的环境风险仍然较为严峻。当前我国相关环境法律法规和标准中缺乏对新污染物环境风险管控的要求,对于现有化学物质的环境风险管控还存在较为严重的不足。未来环境法典中新污染物环境风险管控立法应当坚持风险预防原则,但风险预防原则并不以追求“零风险”为目标。新污染物环境风险管控立法总体上应当遵循“风险筛查→风险评估→风险管控”的思路。环境风险评估应当聚焦于从科学角度评估新污染物对公众健康和生态环境带来的“风险”本身,不考虑与环境风险无关的经济、社会等因素。确定什么是“不合理的风险”,除了科学判断之外,也需要“正当程序”的加持。风险无法确定时,比照“存在不合理风险”进行管控。在选择风险管控措施时,应当考虑新污染物对公众健康和生态环境的影响程度以及经济、社会等因素。对于新化学物质,应当秉承“除非能证明无害,否则都应当进行适当风险管控”的理念。Remarkable achievements have been made in the treatment of conventional pollutants in China,but the environmental risks of emerging pollutants are still severe.The production and use of toxic chemicals is a major source of emerging pollutants.At present,China′s relevant environmental laws,regulations and standards show lack of requirements on environmental risk control of emerging pollutants,and there are serious deficiencies in the environmental risk control of existing chemical substances.The legislation of environmental risk control of emerging pollutants in future Environmental Code should adhere to the precautionary principle,but the precautionary principle does not aim at"zero risk".The legislation of environmental risk control of emerging pollutants should generally follow the idea of"risk screening-risk assessment-risk control".Environmental risk assessment should focus on scientific assessment of the"risks"posed by emerging pollutants to public health and the environment,without considering economic and social factors.In addition to scientific judgment,determining what constitutes an"unreasonable risk"requires due process.If the risk cannot be determined,the risk management and control shall also be carried out as if there is"unreasonable risk exists".When choosing risk control measures,the impact of emerging pollutants on public health and environment,as well as economic and social factors should be considered.Risk control ove new chemicals should be subject to the philosophy that they should be properly managed unless proven to be harmless.

关 键 词：新污染物风险管控 环境治理 环境风险评估 环境法典 风险预防原则 

分 类 号：D922.68[政治法律—环境与资源保护法学]