虚假破产的程序困境与出路——基于解释论与立法论的双重视角  

Procedural Dilemma and Way Out of False Bankruptcy——Based on the Dual Perspectives of Hermeneutics and Legislation

作　　者：吴杨 Wu Yang(School of Law,Wuhan University,Wuhan 430072,China;The High People’s Court of Hubei Province,Wuhan 430071,China)

机构地区：[1]武汉大学法学院,武汉430072 [2]湖北省高级人民法院,武汉430071

出　　处：《天津大学学报（社会科学版）》2022年第6期554-561,共8页Journal of Tianjin University：Social Sciences

基　　金：司法部2019年度国家法治与法学理论研究项目(19SFB3024)。

摘　　要：债权人与债务人虚构债务申请破产的行为构成虚假破产,属破产欺诈类型之一,具有恶意申请的程序属性,严重损害债权人利益,可能引发破产诚信制度坍塌。司法实践中,法院在破产受理后发现虚假破产行为而债务人实际具有破产原因的,不适用2019年《全国法院民商事审判工作会议纪要》第108条规定。由于《最高人民法院关于审理企业破产案件若干问题的规定》第14条与《中华人民共和国企业破产法》第12条规定的模糊不清,导致破产程序进退两难。从解释论视角,在我国目前单一申请主义破产启动模式下,破产原因是破产程序的“引擎”,且破产程序的不可逆性,法院不应径直驳回申请,而应交由债权人会议决定,体现债权人自治原则。只要债务人或任一债权人同意破产,则破产程序继续进行,否则因虚假债权人主体不适格,法院应裁定驳回申请。从立法论视角,我国应采申请主义与职权主义二元模式,促使破产程序启动,以保障债权人利益并发挥破产制度的公共政策功能。The behavior of filing for bankruptcy by creditors and debtors with fictitious debts constitutes false bankruptcy,which is one of the types of bankruptcy fraud. It has the procedural attribute of malicious application, which seriously damages the interests of creditors and may lead to the collapse of bankruptcy credit system. In judicial practice, if the court finds a false bankruptcy after the bankruptcy acceptance and the debtor actually has the reason for bankruptcy, the provisions of article 108 of the Minutes of the 2019 National Courts’ Civil and Commercial Trial Work Conference shall not enter into force. The ambiguity between article 14 of the Provisions of the Supreme People’s Court on Several Issues Concerning the Trial of Enterprise Bankruptcy Cases and article 12 of the Enterprise Bankruptcy Law of the People’s Republic of China leads to a dilemma for the bankruptcy proceedings. From the perspective of hermeneutics, under the single application doctrine and the model of institution for enterprise bankruptcy in China, the cause of bankruptcy is the “engine” of the bankruptcy proceedings which is irreversible, so the court should not reject the application directly. It should submit the application to the creditors’ meeting for decision, which reflects the principle of creditors autonomy. As long as any creditor or debtor agrees to bankruptcy, the bankruptcy proceedings will continue;otherwise the application will be rejected because the false creditor subject is not qualified. From the perspective of legislation, China should adopt the dual doctrine of application and authority to institute bankruptcy proceedings, so as to protect the interests of creditors and play the public policy function of bankruptcy system.

关 键 词：虚假破产 破产程序 破产启动 债权人会议 

分 类 号：DF411.92[政治法律—经济法学]