油菜用地养地的作物优势及其在冬闲田开发中的应用潜力  

Advantage of oilseed rape(Brassica napus L.) in land use and conservation and its application for winter fallow field

作　　者：赵曼利 戴志刚 顾炽明 胡文诗 李银水[1] 秦璐[1] 鲁明星 廖星[1] ZHAO Man-li;DAI Zhi-gang;GU Chi-ming;HU Wen-shi;LI Yin-shui;QIN Lu;LU Ming-xing;LIAO Xing(Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Wuhan 430062,China;Hubei Pro-vincial Cultivated Land Quality and Fertilizer Station,Wuhan 430070,China;Hubei Province Oilseed Rape Office,Wuhan 430060,China)

机构地区：[1]中国农业科学院油料作物研究所,湖北武汉430062 [2]湖北省耕地质量与肥料工作总站,湖北武汉430070 [3]湖北省油菜办公室,湖北武汉430060

出　　处：《中国油料作物学报》2022年第6期1139-1147,共9页Chinese Journal of Oil Crop Sciences

基　　金：国家绿肥产业技术体系(CARS-22);中国农业科学院科技创新工程(CAASASTIP-2013-OCRI、CAAS-OCRI-ZDRW-202102)。

摘　　要：油菜是我国种植面积最大的油料作物,是国产食用植物油的重要来源。油菜生长过程可以优化土壤结构、增加土壤养分、培肥土壤地力,具有用地养地的特征优势。同时,因其具有较强的环境适应能力,可作为先锋作物改良障碍土壤。然而,近年来由于劳动力不足、种植效益低、农民种植积极性不高等因素,导致冬闲田面积逐年增加,冬季光温水土自然资源未能得到有效利用。而油菜作为冬季种植的油料作物,不与粮争地,是开发利用冬闲田最有潜力的作物。利用冬闲田发展油菜生产,不仅可以提升油料产量,还可以充分发挥其养地优势提高后茬作物产量品质、增加种植收益,对维护我国食用油供给安全、助力粮油兼丰及农业绿色可持续发展具有重要意义。本文结合我国油菜生产现状,针对南方稻区冬闲田油菜轮作的生产发展需要,综述了油菜用地养地(油用或肥用)的作物优势,旨在为因地制宜利用南方冬闲田发展油菜生产助力油料产能提升提供科学依据。Oilseed rape(Brassica napus L.) is an important oil crop which has the largest planting area in China. In recent years however, several factors, such as labour shortage, low planting benefit and motivation of farmers,lead to expansion of winter fallow field year by year. This present paper studied its greater advantages of rapeseed on land use and conservation, mainly including its ability of optimizing soil structure, increasing soil nutrients(as green manure), and improving soil fertility. Meanwhile, due to its superior adaptability to environment, oilseed rape could apply as pioneer crop to amending the obstacle soil, and thus the natural resources(light, heat, water, and soil) in winter could be efficiently utilized. Winter oilseed rape does not compete with grain for land use and has the greatest potential to exploit winter fallow field for both benefiting the subsequent crops and taking full of its advantage in land conservation. It is of great significance to promote high yield of grain and oil, in order to ensure both security of edible oil supply and sustainable agricultural development in China.

关 键 词：油菜 用地养地 冬闲田 稻油轮作 绿肥作物 先锋作物 

分 类 号：S565.4[农业科学—作物学]