限制数据抓取行为的违法性认定——以美国干扰侵权理论为视角  

Determination of Illegality of Restricting Data Scraping Behavior:From the Perspective of American Interference Tort Theory

作　　者：高建成 Gao Jiancheng

机构地区：[1]南京大学法学院

出　　处：《财经法学》2022年第6期81-95,共15页Law and Economy

基　　金：2019年国家社科基金一般项目“共享经济法律规制的司法路径研究”(19CFX065)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：面对限制数据抓取行为的违法性认定难题,美国判例实践运用干扰侵权理论予以应对,通过行为对合同关系的损害结果征引行为的违法性。在干扰侵权理论的分析模式下,原告应就行为人对合同或预期合同关系的知悉、故意实施干扰行为、导致合同或预期合同关系中断、产生实质损害结果举证,被告需以正当理由进行抗辩,而法院以此为基础进行利益衡量。该理论及判例实践对我国司法实践具有借鉴意义:第一,可将合同及预期合同作为反不正当竞争法所保护的法益,避免在数据、产品服务上创造新的权益,实现司法审慎。第二,个案裁判中应关注客观层面的实质损害证明,并且着重考察行为人的主观意图,综合行为人对已存在的合同的认知情况、行为所涉的数据类型、双方商业模式、协商过程等证据,并结合正当性抗辩进行判断。当行为人限制他人的数据抓取旨在实现纯粹侵害他人的恶意而非为正当利益时,宜认定为不正当竞争行为。Faced with the challenge of determining the illegality of restriction on data scraping,US jurisprudence has applied the tort of interference doctrine to address the illegality of an act by means of its detrimental effect on a contractual relationship.Under the tort of interference theory,the plaintiff shall prove that the actor had knowledge of the contractual or contemplated contractual relationship,intentionally interfered with the contractual or contemplated contractual relationship,caused the interruption of the contractual or prospective contractual relationship,and produced a materially injurious result.The theory and jurisprudence have implications for China’s judicial practice.Firstly,contracts and prospective contracts can be treated as legal interests protected by the anti-unfair competition law,avoiding the creation of new rights and interests in data and product services and achieving judicial prudence.Second,case adjudication should focus on the objective level of proof of substantial damage and focus on examining the subjective intent of the actor,integrating evidence of the actor’s knowledge of the pre-existing contract,the type of data involved in the act,the business model of both parties,the negotiation process,and combining with the justification defense.When the actor restricts the data capture of others with the intention of purely malicious intent to infringe on others rather than for legitimate purpose,it is appropriate to find unfair competition.

关 键 词：限制数据抓取 不正当竞争 干扰侵权 合法商业目的 

分 类 号：D971.2[政治法律—法学] DD913