核设施退役现状及技术研究展望  

Current status,technical research and prospects of nuclear facilities decommissioning

作　　者：徐乐瑾[1] 沈慧怡 杨军[1] XU Lejin;SHEN Huiyi;YANG Jun(School of Energy and Power Engineering,Huazhong University of Science and Technology,Wuhan 430074,China)

机构地区：[1]华中科技大学能源与动力工程学院,湖北武汉430074

出　　处：《华中科技大学学报（自然科学版）》2022年第10期65-76,共12页Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology(Natural Science Edition)

基　　金：国家自然科学基金资助项目(22176067);国家国防科学技术工业局资助项目(〔2017〕1474).

摘　　要：总结了国内外现有核电站数目及其使用年限、关闭、退役等现状,预计核反应堆及其他核设施将在2030-2050年达到退役高峰.介绍了国际上采用的三种核设施退役策略,应根据我国国情和工业技术水平因地制宜、因时制宜选择和制定合适的退役标准体系方法.针对核设施退役过程中的切割解体、去污、废物处理等关键环节,介绍了核设施切割解体方法及其系统装置,比较了各种去污方法,如干冰去污、酸碱浸泡去污、激光去污、超声波去污、熔炼去污等方法的优缺点和适用范围,并总结了退役废物的处理与处置方法.在管理规范方面,建立我国的技术标准体系及法律法规,并提出了退役相关技术的研究发展方向.The number of nuclear power plants and their service life,closure and decommissioning status at home and aboard were summarized,and it is estimated that nuclear reactors and other nuclear facilities would reach the peak of decommissioning between 2030 and 2050.Three decommissioning strategies for nuclear facilities adopted internationally were introduced,and appropriate decommissioning standard systems and methods should be selected and formulated according to China′s national conditions and industrial technology level.For cutting and dismantling,decontamination and waste disposal in the decommissioning process of nuclear facilities,the cutting and dismantling methods and their system devices of nuclear facilities were introduced.The advantages,disadvantages and application scope of various decontamination methods were compared,such as dry ice decontamination,acid-base immersion decontamination,laser decontamination,ultrasonic decontamination,and smelting decontamination.The treatment and disposal methods of decommissioning waste were summarized.In terms of management standards,the technical standard system,laws and regulations of China need to be established,and the research and development direction of decommissioning related technologies was proposed.

关 键 词：核设施 退役 解体 去污 废物处理 标准体系 

分 类 号：TL943[核科学技术—辐射防护及环境保护]