新词语的语义压制类型及其交叠与类推——兼论新词语造词机制研究的拓展  

Semantic Coercion Types and Their Integration and Analogy in Neologisms:The Expansion on Coinage Mechanism

作　　者：孟凯[1] MENG Kai

机构地区：[1]北京语言大学汉语国际教育研究院,北京100083

出　　处：《语言文字应用》2022年第3期124-132,共9页Applied Linguistics

基　　金：教育部人文社科规划基金项目“韵律-结构-语义界面的汉语词法研究”(20YJA740032);北京语言大学梧桐创新平台项目(中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金,20PT01)的资助。

摘　　要：压制是新词语产生的一种重要方式(约1/3),主要包括两类:(1)事件压制,成分组合义不足以通达新词语的确切涵义,需还原到事件中去解读语义,如“朝阳群众、飞天旗帜”;(2)功能/特征压制,以成分的功能/特征体现事物或事件的特点,如“敲黑板、娘、A4腰”。两类语义压制往往交叠共词,并有一定的选择倾向;两类的类推性强弱也因类型差异而不同。语义压制视角的新词语研究可以管窥复杂语义与词语形式的形义适配关系,拓展当代汉语新词语造词机制研究。Semantic coercion(about 1/3)is common in neologisms.There are mainly two types:event coercion and function/feature coercion.As to event coercion,when the component combination meaning is not enough to understand the exact meaning of the new words,it needs to be returned to the event to interpret the semantics.For example,Chaoyang qunzhong(朝阳群众)means Chaoyang Residents who are public security volunteers described as the eyes and ears of the local police,and feitian qizhi(飞天旗帜)means flag of the Chinese Young Volunteers carried by Shenzhou XI spacecraft which was embroidered by outstanding volunteer representatives from all over the country.As to function/feature coercion,the constituents’function/feature reflects the traits of objects or events.For example,qiao heiban(敲黑板)means knock on the blackboard to draw the key points;niang(娘)refers to sissy;and A4 yao(A4腰)means waist width narrower than vertical A4 paper.The two types often overlap and have a certain tendency of choice,and their analogy strength is different due to the type difference.The perspective of semantic coercion can help examine the relationship between complex meaning and forms of words,as well as expand the research scope to coinage mechanism of contemporary Chinese.

关 键 词：新词语 语义压制 类推 事件 功能/特征 造词机制 

分 类 号：H13[语言文字—汉语]