财产的担保能力:限制与扩张  

Guarantee Capacity of Property:Limitations and Expansions

作　　者：谢鸿飞[1,2] Xie Hongfei

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院法学研究所、私法研究中心 [2]中国社会科学院大学

出　　处：《社会科学辑刊》2022年第6期66-76,共11页Social Science Journal

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大项目(20ZDA049)。

摘　　要：设定担保与财产转让相同,均为财产权的固有权能。民法内部对担保能力的合理限制包括处分能力、客体确定、担保公示手段等,民法外部的正当限制包括维护公有制、实现公益和保障生存等。财产担保能力的私法和公法限制都应受合宪性评价。与形式担保观相比,实质担保观纳入的担保财产范围更大。为使法外担保客体取得担保能力,可将各种合同产生金钱债权通过扩张解释纳入应收账款范畴;对非金钱合同债权和合同以外的债权,类推适用应收账款担保规则。企业数据权益和其他数字财产则纳入《民法典》第395条规定的法不禁止的其他财产,适用动产抵押规则。财产担保能力的扩张最终仰赖登记技术的发展与民众在交易中查询登记习惯的养成。一般债权和新型权益的担保只能通过登记公示,不过登记实效仰赖公众对登记的认知。担保财产适宜以控制(准占有)为公示手段时,其公示效力应与登记和占有相同。Guarantee and transfer are inherent in property rights.The restriction of property guarantee legal capacities should be evaluated by constitutionality due to the principle of legality of right in rem.The reasonable restriction of guarantee capacities inside civil law includes the lack of disposition ability,requirements of certain object,the lack of guarantee publicity means etc.,and the reasonable restrictions outside civil law includes the safeguard of public ownership,the realization of public welfare and the guarantee of survival etc.Compared with the view of formal guarantee,the view of substantial guarantee has a larger scope of guarantee property.In order to make the extralegal guarantee object obtain the qualification,analogy technology should be applied to expand the scope of accounts receivable according to the“nature of object”,and debt of money generated by various contracts should also be included.Non-pecuniary contractual debts and non-contractual debts are analogously subject to accounts receivable guarantee rules.Corporate data interests and other digital property shall be incorporated into“other property not prohibited by law”under Article 359 of the Civil Code,and be subject to the chattel mortgage rule.The expansion of property guarantee capacity ultimately depends on the development of registration technology and the cultivation of people’s habit of inquiring and registering in transactions.The guarantee of the general creditor’s rights and new interests can be publicized through registration.When the guarantee property is suitable to be publicized by means of control(quasi-possession),it should have the same publicity of legal effect as that of registration.

关 键 词：担保财产 非典型担保 权利质押 权利抵押 新型担保 

分 类 号：D923[政治法律—民商法学]